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The political economy of trade policy: a new evidence from developing countries

Thesis Info

Author

Saima sarwar

Department

Department of Economics

Program

PhD

Institute

Government College University

Institute Type

Public

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Degree Starting Year

2010

Degree End Year

2013

Subject

Economics

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676711030355

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کانفرنس یا جمگٹھا

کانفرس یا جمگٹھا

طنطا یونیورسٹی کی یہ کانفرس بھی ایک جمگھٹا ہی تھی ۔موضوع جس قدر شاندار اور    موقع و محل کے مطابق تھا منتظمین اور مندو بین اس قدر اناڑی اور بے محل و بیزار ۔ہر مقرر کو دہشت گردی کے اسباب و عوامل ،اس سے گزرنے والی اقوام کی تکالیف اور اس عفریت سے بچائو کے تدابیر کو بیان کر نے کے لیے صرف پانچ منٹ دیے گئے تھے۔دو منٹ تو جامعہ طنطا کے ارباب و اختیار و اقتدار کی قصیدہ گوئی میں گزر جاتے کہ اتنے اہم موضوع پر سیمینار رکھا ،کچھ وقت تالیوں اور باقی میں دہشت گردی پر بات ہوتی ۔

کانفرس ہال میں مسافر کے قریب دکتورہ ایمان تشریف فرما تھی ،ایمان صاحبہ کے مقالے کا موضوع اردو افسانے پر دہشت گردی کے اثرات تھا ۔مجھے عربی نما لہجے میں کہنے لگیں کہ بہت خوف زدہ ہوں زندگی میں پہلی دفعہ کسی کانفرس میں مقالہ پڑھ رہی ہوں میرے لیے دعا کریں۔میں نے کہا’’درود شریف پڑھیں خوف ختم ہو جائے گا ‘‘تھوڑی دیر بعد مجھ سے کہنے لگیں ’’زبردست نسخہ بتایا آپ نے ،میں تو بہت بہادر ہو گئی ہوں۔‘‘ دکتورہ مونا،دکتورہ بسنت،دکتور محمد علی کے مقالوںکے موضوعات پاکستانی سماج اور ادب پر دہشت گردی کے اثرات کااحاطہ کر رہے تھے ۔ان کے مقالوںمیں اگر کسی کو انہماک سے سنا تو وہ شاید وہ میں ہی تھا باقی لوگوںکو پاکستانی مسائل اور پاکستان میں دہشت گردی سے کوئی سرو کار نہ تھا ۔ افغانستان ،روہنگیاکے بارے میں اس کانفرس کے منتظمین اور مقررین نے کوئی لب کشائی نہیں کی ۔یہاں تک کہ مسئلہ کشمیر اور ہندوستان میں ہندوتوا کے شکار کروڑوں مسلمانوں کی حالت زار پر بھی یہ عربی منتظمین عجمی (گونگے)بنے تھے اور جو تھوڑا بہت میرے اکسانے پر بولتے بھی تو ہندوستانی حکومت...

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and his Historical Writings (Notes)

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was interested in history and history-writing. His areas of interest were Islamic and South Asian history. In this essay, we examine certain relevant facets of this interest and its manifestation. There are a vast number of studies on the life, achievements and goals of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan [1817-1898]. His essays have been collected from his journalism in 18 volumes by Muhammad Ismail Panipati1 and his other writings, lectures and letters have also received editorial attention. A useful tool in this regard is the compilation titled Kitabiyat-i-Sir Syed made by Ziauddin Lahori.2 As this paper focuses on Sir Syed’s historical writings, we may mention here a recent doctoral thesis of Syeda Jabin Zehra on this very topic.3 As a matter of fact, any and all of Sir Syed’s writings be they on education or religion now come under the ambit of history but our narrower focus will be on those writings that deal with history as history alone though they may also admit of other classifications.

Utilization of Citrus Waste Biomass for Sorption of Reactive Dyes from Aqueous Solutions

The objective of study was to establish the potential of inexpensive and locally available biomaterial i.e. lignocellulosic waste of Citrus fruits as biosorbent to remove reactive dyes from aqueous solution. The Citrus waste biomasses i.e. Citrus reticulata, Citrus sinensis, Citrus limetta and Citrus paradisi were analyzed and screened having optimum sorption capacity for reactive dyes. Citrus sinensis biosorbent was selected and its sorption potential for Reactive yellow 42, Reactive red 45, Reactive blue 19 and Reactive blue 49 was investigated with variation in the parameters such as pH, biosorbent dose, initial dye concentration and temperature. Biosorbent was chemically treated by organic and inorganic reagents of which acetic acid enhanced the sorption capacities for Reactive yellow 42, Reactive blue 19 and Reactive blue 49; and acetonitrile for Reactive red 45 attaining equilibrium in 60 minutes. While immobilization of biosorbent into calcium alginate beads decreased the sorption capacity and prolonged the time to achieve equilibrium upto 120 minutes in case of all reactive dyes. Experimental data showed good fit with the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Pseudo second order rate law described best the sorption mechanism with a high coefficient of determination (R 2 =0.99). The mechanism of sorption was found to be physiosorption. FT-IR analysis of biosorbent revealed the presence of C=O, C−O, NH and OH groups on the surface of biosorbent. SEM imaging of biosorbent surface before and after biosorption visualized fibrous texture of biosorbent. Desorption experiments were also performed to regenerate the biosorbent making the process more economical and environment friendly. The interactive effect of pH, biosorbent dose and dye concentration on the sorption capacity of Citrus sinensis biosorbent was investigated using central composite design matrix and response surface methodology. The probability values less than 0.0001 designated the good fit of sorption data by the model. High values of coefficient of determination (R 2 0.987, 0.998, 0.988 & 0.999 for Reactive yellow 42, Reactive red 45, Reactive blue 19 and Reactive blue 49, respectively) indicated evaluation of biosorption data by second order polynomial equations very well. The interactive effect of pH, biosorbent dose and dye concentration was found significant and sorption capacity was optimum at acidic pH range, smaller biosorbent dose and higher dye concentrations. The results proved Citrus sinensis to be a favorable biosorbent to be applied on industrial scale.