تشبہ کی حقیقت، اقسام اور احکام کا فقہاء کی آراء کی روشنی میں تحلیلی مطالعہ

Today, majority of the Muslims' lives have turned out to be colored with a similar shade of the western civilization in every sphere of life. We watch that the matter of imitation achieved its most exceedingly awful pinnacle. In this era of ecstasy, the imitation of infidels and penitence of the Sunnah is growing rapidly due to the fact that Muslims have made it their habit. A particular group considers it enlightenment and ideological freedom and feels ashamed to follow Islam and Sunnah. The main reason for this attitude is that Muslims are unaware of the disadvantages of the imitation of infidels. In this article, the nuisances and flaws of imitation have been discussed, so that the Muslims could know about its imperfections and follow the Qur’ān and Sunnah.

Control and Analysis of Switching Power Electronic Converter.

The suggested research is focused on the analysis, design, and development of the single-phase direct AC-to-AC converters. They are classified as voltage and frequency controllers. The AC voltage controllers are employed to solve the power system disturbances. The problem of voltage sag and swell is very common in the power distribution system that degrades the performance of the connected load and may cause their failure. In these circumstances, the power conditioning units such as dynamic voltage restorers (DVRs) are employed for their proper and safe operation that are realized with AC-to-AC converters. The voltage sags and swells issues are tackled by increasing and decreasing the line voltage respectively. The in-phase and out-of-phase output voltages are generated if AC voltage controllers can be operated with bipolar voltage gain. These characteristics can be realized if they operate in non-inverting and inverting modes. The voltage controllers having these features may also be employed as direct frequency changers (DFC) for variable speed drives and induction heating systems. The circuit and control complexity in these converters depend upon the number of controlled switching devices. The power conversion efficiency in these converters is directly related to unwanted switching and conduction losses caused by the switching devices. These losses depend on the number of switching devices, switching voltages, switching frequency, and switching currents. The high switching voltages and currents are the main problems in these converters. They not only increase the unwanted conversion losses but also increase the voltage and current rating of the switching devices. These problems become very serious in frequency boost operation. In variable frequency operation, the output is not in pure sinusoidal form, and it contains unwanted harmonics as it is obtained by inverting and non-inverting the input voltage. So here, we propose a novel AC-to-AC converter that has voltage and frequency regulation characteristics. It is capable of operating in the buck and boost fashion with non-inverting and inverting characteristics. Its operation is realized with a low count of the switching devices having low switching voltages and currents. These characteristics reduce the conversion losses and hence improve efficiency. The detailed analysis related to switching voltages and currents and conversion losses is also presented. The regulation of the output voltage is achieved through the pulse width modulation (PWM) control of one switch directly and other as indirectly. The direct PWM controlled (DPWM) switch is controlled with a high-frequency gating sequence. Its switching controls the operating states of the other switch called indirect PWM (IDPWM) controlled switch. The power quality problem in variable output frequency mode is determined by computing their harmonics coefficients analytically through the pulse selective approach. The problem of high voltage and current overshoots in boost frequency mode is tackled by developing a new DFC with low count of switching devices. Its output is realized through simple switching control scheme that is generated with any PWM generator as there is no need to synchronize the gating signals with input voltage. The worth of the proposed work is proved by comparing its performance parameters with the existing topologies. The simulation and practical results validate the effectiveness of the proposed research.