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Smooth/ Impullsive Linear Systems

Thesis Info

Author

Hasan Mahmood

Department

Department of Mathematics

Program

PhD

Institute

Government College University

Institute Type

Public

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2007

Subject

Mathematics

Language

English

Other

CD is also available at PG Library

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676711046843

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58. Al-Mujadilah/The Pleading Woman

58. Al-Mujadilah/The Pleading Woman

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

58:01
a. Allah has heard the woman who was pleading with you, concerning the issue of her husband, and was complaining to Allah.
b. And Allah was hearing the conversation between you.
c. For Allah is All-Listening, All-Watching.

58:02
a. Those among you who estrange their women/wives by declaring them to be as their mothers;
b. should know that they can never be made as their mothers, for their mothers are only those who gave birth to them.
c. Indeed, they utter what is highly contemptuous, baseless and false.
d. Yet, assuredly, Allah will be Pardoning, Forgiving to the one who repudiates by zihaar through an atonement.

58:03
a. Those of the husbands who thus estrange their women/wives, then they wish to retract what they had uttered, let them free a captive before any skin-to-skin cohabitation between them.
b. Thus you are being warned so that you will never utter such contemptuous words again.
c. And Allah is Well-Aware of what you do.

58:04
a. And whoever cannot find any captive to set free or does not have the means of doing so, then let him keep Fast for two consecutive months, without any interruption, before any skin-to-skin cohabitation between them.
b. And whoever is unable for reasons of ill health or old age, then let him feed sixty poor people.
c. All this is decreed so that you may believe in Allah, HIS Injunctions and HIS Messenger.
d. And these are the limits set by Allah.
e. And the disbelievers/disobedient - those who will not comply...

التلمیحات القرآنیۃ في کلام الشاعر الصوفي بلھے شاہ

This article deals with analytical studies of ‘’Kulliyat-e-Bullehy Shah تایلک ہاش ےھلب’’one of the most important Poetry book of Bullehy Shah Wich has been set up by Dr. Faqir Muhammad by Punjab Literature Academy and Published y from Lahore in 1960. In it, I have presented a short life sketch of Baba Bullehy Shah, who is recognized as the poet of Punjabi and poet of Islam. Baba Bullehy Shah is a world renowned personality. His poetry opens new horizons of knowledge for us. Especially it created ripples in the Arab world. He is included in great Islamic poets. He was conceiver of Sufiism in Punjab and proselytizer of Islam, Qura’n and Hadith are the obvious imprints on his poetry. He had great love for Qura’n. I intended to introduce it to the readers, particularly the Allusions )تاحیملت(used in this work. The real and literal meanings of such Allusions have been elaborated in it. I also have highlighted the Quranic Allusions used by Bullehy Shah in this work. And also analyzing them. In this paper it has been picked this aspect in his poetry that how much his poetry was in flounced by Islamic in junction.

Degradation of Selected Pesticides Using Fentons Reaction Based Advanced Oxidation Processes

One of the promising alternatives to conventional wastewater remediation processes is the Fenton process, which has been emerged as widely applicable water purification strategy. The current project was focused on the development of an economical, highly efficient, non-selective and easily applicable degradation method for the recalcitrant micro-pollutants, present in wastewater. The degradation method, based on heterogeneous Fenton reaction, has been successfully applied using different metal ferrites and their graphene oxide composites. Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared using modified Hummer’s method while Graphene oxide based metal ferrites (GO-MFe2O4, where M = Fe3+, Co2+, Mn2+ and Ni2+) were prepared by one-pot-hydrothermal co-precipitation method. The as-prepared composites were morphologically and chemically characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The composites were checked for their catalytic potential against degradation of persistent organic micro-pollutants such as pesticides, present in water bodies. Different influencing factors, such as pH, oxidant dose, catalyst dose, pesticide load and irradiation time, were also optimized in order to enhance pesticide’s degradation. All of the catalysts exhibited remarkable pollutant’s degradation potential in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, under UV light irradiation. Three insecticides, widely used in Pakistan, were selected as model pollutants viz. acetamiprid, carbofuran and nitenpyram. For comparative purposes, metal ferrites alone (without GO) were also catalytically investigated. Under optimal conditions, acetamiprid and nitenpyram were degraded about 90% using magnetite, GO-magnetite, cobalt ferrite, GO-cobalt ferrite, manganese ferrite, GO-manganese ferrite, nickel ferrite and GO-nickel ferrite within 60 minutes of irradiation. On the other hand, approximately 80% degradation of carbofuran was achieved using all metal ferrites and their composites. Furthermore, the study concluded that GO assists in remediation of aquatic pollutants by acting both as supportive catalyst immobilization material and electron transporter between the two catalytic active sites. Thus, GO indirectly promotes ≡M3+/≡M2+ cycle and also avoids e-/h+ pair recombination by capturing and transporting the electron. At optimized conditions of pH, doses of Fenton’s reagent (various catalysts and oxidant), irradiation time and pollutant load, ultrasound assisted photo-Fenton process degraded all the pollutants (acetamiprid, carbofuran and nitenpyram) more than 95% within a very short time span. This was confirmed with the help of UV/Vis spectra. The magnetic property of catalysts enabled their easy recovery xiii from the aqueous medium by applying external magnetic field. Suitable kinetic models, as a function of operating conditions were also proposed for wastewater remediation process. Major potential factors that affect the pesticide degradation were investigated statistically by applying Central Composite Design (CCD – a type of RSM). Statistical analysis helped in evaluating the interactions among controlling parameters such as pH, oxidant dose and pollutant load. The response surfaces revealed that highly acidic pH, moderate oxidant dose and lower pollutant load favored the enhanced pesticide’s degradation. The reusability of the catalysts was also studied up to five cycles. It has been observed that heterogeneous catalysts can be reused multiple times without substantial decrease in the degradation potential. The outcome of the study is to fabricate novel, effective, magnetic, durable and economically feasible catalysts. The project also concluded that graphene oxide and ultrasound assisted strategy played a vital role in enhancing the degradation potential of heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts.