رحمۃ للعالمينﷺ کے غیر مسلموں سے معاملات قرآن و سیرت طیبہ کی روشنی میں

Dealings of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) with non-Muslim show that Islam is the religion of peace, brotherhood, religious tolerance, independence and humanity. Before the spread of Islam the conversations and dealings of the Holy Prophet with non-Muslims forced them to call him Al-Sadiq and Al-Ameen. Sympathy and tolerance in clandestine and public preaching, the style of letters to non-Muslim empires, the dialogues with non-Muslim delegations in Madani era, the orders given for the safety of their wealth, belongings and their life, the tolerance, forgiveness and prayers for the enemies, the good behavior with the non-Muslim prisoners, even when Muslims got dominance over non-Muslims at the time of the conquest of Makkah, the common pardon given by Holy Prophet (S.A.W) are the true example that Islam preaches peace. The attitude of Sahaba-e-Karam (R.A) and the liberty of rights given to Non-Muslims by them- no religion and no community of the World can give this example. The people responsible for maintaining the peace of the world and brotherhood should see how Muslims are treated all over the world? Muslims had given to non-Muslim permission to practice their religious festivities freely and even to wear any type of clothes. The ban of Hijab in France, the punishment of innocent Dr. Afia Siddiqui, the Egyptian pregnant woman (Marwa Sharbeney) had been mercilessly assassinated and her husband injured by knives in the court of Germany because of Hijab, the discussions going on to restrict the domes of Mosques and Adhan (Call to prayer) in Switzerland, the insult of the Holy Quran by Pope Terry John, of Florida, the disrespect of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) etc are the questions awaiting answers from West and United Nation. Islam promotes of peace, equality and religious freedom. It also invites non-Muslims to come and sit on a platform and discuss these problems for the sake of worldly peace to end the religious hatred and to form true peace in the world.

Unsteady Flows of Some Rate Type Fluids

This thesis deals with the unsteady flow behavior of some rate type fluids under different circumstances. Firstly, some basic definitions and concepts regarding fluid motion and methods to solve the flow problems have been discussed. Then the motion of ordinary Maxwell fluids and that of Oldroyd-B fluids with fractional derivatives over an infinite plate is studied. In chapter 2, we have studied the unsteady motion of a Maxwell fluid over an infinite plate that applies an oscillating shear to the fluid which is the extension of some previously obtained results. After time t = 0+ the fluid motion is produced by applying an oscillating shear. Fourier and Laplace transforms are used to find exact solutions that are presented as a sum of steady-state and transient solutions. They describe the motion of the fluid some time after its initiation. After that time, when the transients disappear, the motion of the fluid is described by the steady-state so- lutions that are periodic in time and independent of initial conditions. Finally, the time to reach the steady-state is determined. Similar solutions for Newtonian fluid are obtained as particular cases of general solutions by making λ → 0. The purpose of chapter 3, is to extend the first problem of Stokes to incom- pressible Oldroyd-B fluids with fractional derivatives. The Fourier sine and Laplace transforms are used. The solutions that have been obtained, are presented as a sum between the Newtonian solutions and non-Newtonian contributions. The non- Newtonian contributions, as expected, tend to zero for α = β and λ → λr . Fur- thermore, the solutions for ordinary Oldroyd-B, fractional and ordinary Maxwell, fractional and ordinary second grade fluid, performing the same motion, are obtained as limiting cases of general solutions. The present solutions for ordinary Oldroyd-B and second grade fluids are verified by comparison with previously known results. Finally, the influence of material and fractional parameters on the fluid motion, as well as a comparison among fractional and Newtonian fluids, is analyzed by graphical illustrations. vii viii In chapter 4, our concern is to study the velocity field corresponding to the Stokes’ problems for fluids of Brinkman type. The solutions that have been ob- tained, are presented under suitable forms in terms of the classical solution of the first problem of Stokes for Newtonian fluids or as a sum between the steady-state and transient solutions. Furthermore, for α → 0 they are going to the well-known solutions for Newtonian fluids. The required time to reach the steady-state, as well as the temporal decay of the transients corresponding to the second problem of Stokes, has been determined by graphical illustrations. The aim of chapter 5, is to establish exact and approximate expressions for dissi- pation, the power due to the shear stress at the wall and the boundary layer thickness corresponding to the motion of an Oldroyd-B fluid induced by a constantly acceler- ating plate. Similar expressions for Maxwell, second grade and Newtonian fluids, performing the same motion, are obtained as limiting cases of general results. Some specific features of the four modelss are emphasized by means of the asymptotic approximations.