Health Care and Cleanliness in Tertiary Care Hospitals in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

The present study was conducted to probe the cleanliness in the tertiary healthcare hospitals in Peshawar-Pakistan. The data was collected through a structured questionnaire from 600 sampled respondents admitted in three tertiary healthcare hospitals in Peshawar i.e. Khyber Teaching hospital, Hayatabad Medical Complex and Lady Reading Hospital through proportional allocation method. The patients were very critical about the healthcare and cleanliness in the above three major hospitals of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Bi-variate analysis was made and the results reveal that hospital has clean and hygienic environment (P=0.006), Medical OPD, s were clean and tidy (P=0.000), wards were clean and well maintained (P=0.000), Toilets were clean and well maintained (P=0.000). The study recommended that hospital administration should keep focus on cleanliness in washroom, clean water and clean food to the patients.

Augmenting Software Architecture Knowledge Area Support for Personal Software Process and its Adoption to Current Local Perspective

Personal Software Process (PSP) developed by Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University (SEI-CMU) is for software engineers to better understand and improve their personal performance. It has been adopted for use in industry and academia and is also utilized for process improvement in twenty one key process areas of Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The main emphasis of the personal process is on requirement, design, code, test, and post-mortem phases of software development. Identification of risk at system structure level for estimation of cost and schedule are listed as the key focus of PSP. However, current implementation of PSP does not provide any process for risks, schedule and cost estimations at the architecture level. Neither does PSP body of knowledge provide any support for architectural knowledge area elements. Since the architecture influences all other phases of development life cycle and also has its proven benefits, its integration into the personal process should augment PSP with those additional benefits. Moreover an exploratory study performed within local Software Process Improvement (SPI) practitioners also revealed that process improvement is itself a problematic area in the local industry which is a cause for poor SPI, thus a local perspective is clearly established for CMMI based SPI participants in Pakistan. This work also is an effort to presents the support for identified issues at process engineer level SPI, by augmenting the personal software process, and adding architecture centric design keeping in view the local constrains thus further strengthening the PSP principles. The ACE architecture centric methods of Quality Attribute Workshop and Attribute Driven Design have been tailored such that the cost, time and effort impact on the engineer is minimal while the identified issue are addressed. The augmentation is performed in alignment SEI-CMU PSPBOK. The improved process is designed and executed, and the impact of improvement is validated. The improved process demonstrates positive impact of cost and schedule, induces early risk identification and reduces time to market by reducing rework and improving overall quality and satisfaction of not only the product but also the personal maturity and yield of the process engineer. Results of the case studies show that making the process architecture centric has significant advantages for personal process and overall software product quality.