فکر اقبال کے تناظر میں تہذیبی تصادم

A thorough critical analysis of human history highlights that the clash of civilizations centered on themes of conflict, war, and struggle. Historical experts use the word encounter to interpret or explain these relations among civilizations. Trade played a vital role in flourishing these ties, however, conflict and encounter have also been a part of almost all the phases or eras of human history. Developing nations have always looked up to the western world as a role model of economic and military progression, but this philosophy has also resulted in the escalation of tensions among these nations. World peace faces daunting challenges and is one of the most talked-about human concerns in the present times. Islam is currently being challenged by the western world in terms of the right interpretation of religious teachings and the true message of the Holy Quran and Sunnah. Islam is still struggling to make its mark in the present world order, particularly after the 9/11 incident which painted Muslims as terrorists and fundamentalists. It is quite evident that the world is divided into factions or groups, where one group is the torchbearer of Islam and religious teachings, while the second group endorses western ideals or secularism. According to Samuel Huntington, it won’t be wrong to say that the next ideological challenge that the world faces after the ultimate demise of the Soviet Union is Islam and the prospective clash between the East and the West in the 21st century will be the most discussed topic. The present-day relationship between the East and the West is based upon rivalry. This conflict is not a new area of research and is centuries old. The only solution to this problem is to promote global peace and harmony and facilitate dialogue among nations. This would help in creating a social system that can center on values, harmony, peace, and love. Also, Iqbal’s philosophy can act as a guiding stone and can help in resolving this crisis. Iqbal’s universal social reconstruction theory highlights how different civilizations can live together and can facilitate constructive dialogue to improve civilizational ties. This article aims to incorporate the teachings of Iqbal, especially the universal social reconstruction theory to propose solutions for inter-civilizational clashes. This article aims to use the teachings of Iqbal as a beacon of light to promote constructive dialogue and peaceful coexistence among the two dominant sides of the world, resultantly leading in much prosperous and peaceful world order. 

Detection of Babesia Ovis Through Polymerase Chain Reaction in Sheep and Goat from District Bahawalpur

The infection of Ovine babesia is considered as a tick-borne disease that is caused by a haematotropic parasite belonging to the genus babesia. Main infection in small ruminants (goat and sheep) is caused by three babesia species. The sickness caused by genus Babesia ovis (B .ovis) is very horrific mostly in goat and sheep and causes rigorous infection that is characterized by fever, anemia. The present study was carried on to become aware of B.ovis through PCR within the blood samples of small ruminants at Bahawalpur district. Total one Hundred blood samples of sheep and goat randomly were gathered from different areas of district Bahawalpur. Blood smear slides were prepared and analyzed through microscope. DNA was extracted by inorganic method. PCR amplification was done using specific set of primers for babesia species and results were studied through gel electrophoresis. Overall prevalence of babesia species was 18% by microscopy. Area wise percentages of microscopy tests were also calculated. 18% (18/100)Jamalpur 10% (1/10), Hasilpur 30%( 3/10), Khairpur 10% (1/10), Qaimpur 10% (1/10), Lal sohanra 20% (2/10), Lal sohanra park 30% (3/10), Yazman mandi 10%( 1/10), Rajkan 20% (2/10), Ahmad pur East 20%( 2/10), Uch Sharif 20% (2/10). PCR showed11% (11/100) positive result in sheep and goat (10% (1/10) in Jamalpur, 20% (2/10) in Khairpur 10% (1/10) in Qaimpur , 0% (0/10) in Lal sohanra , 10% (1/10) in Lalsohara park , 20% (2/10) in Yazman mandi 0%(0/10), Rajkan 10%(1/10), Ahmad pur 10%(1/10) and in Uch sharif 20%(2/10). The specificity and sensitivity of PCR was 100% in findings of B.ovis as compared to microscopy which showed 18% (18/100) sensitivity and 100% specificity was pragmatic. The study reveals that PCR is the additional sensitive technique in designation against babesiosis as compared to research and counseled it for field application in district Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. However, safety measures are required in order to domesticate the small ruminants like sheep and goat from such pathogenic parasites.