The Rise of Greek Philosophy in the Muslim World and Imam Ghazali’s Tahafat-ul-Falasafah (An Analytical Study)

Imam al-Ghazali has criticized not the logical principles but their misuse and incompetence of philosophers. In addition, Imam al-Ghazali's objective position on philosophy and science in the objectives of the philosopher is highlighted that he had no problem with mathematics and in his view the difference in logic is actually the terminology. Imam al-Ghazali's personality has been debated in various contexts in the context of religion, philosophy and science, and even today new aspects of it keep coming to the fore. The reason for this is on the one hand Imam Sahib's intricate personality and on the other hand Imam Sahib's versatility. Modern studies have made Imam al-Ghazali an enemy of philosophy and science. Along with Orientalist wisdom, modern Islamic scholars also studied Imam al-Ghazali on the methodology of Enlightenment, due to which they too came to the same conclusion that Imam al-Ghazali is the biggest obstacle in the way of philosophy and science in Islamic civilization. Following in his footsteps, our traditionalist scholars now present Imam al-Ghazali as the victorious philosopher. No, but absorbed it. In this article, we have tried to make it clear that integration is a prominent element of Ghazali's philosophy of thought. Rejection of philosophy has become the identity of Imam Ghazali while passion for philosophy is a sign of his greatness of thought. Imam Ghazali's critique of Tahafat-ul-Falasfa defines the nature and scope of this critique. The main target of Imam Sahib's criticism was the theological conclusions of Muslim philosophers which contradicted the basic tenets of Islam. In addition, Imam al-Ghazali's objective position on philosophy and science in Maqasid al-Falasfa highlights that he had no problem with mathematics and in his view the difference in logic is in fact terminology. There is truth and falsehood in physics. We have to think about it. Yes, there is a lot of falsehood in theology. Imam al-Ghazali is the guarantor of the life of philosophy in theology. This article examines in detail the nature of the relationship between Imam al-Ghazali and philosophy, and how philosophy has influenced Imam Sahib's overall thought. The influence of philosophy on his theology, ethics, theology and principles of jurisprudence has been highlighted. At the same time, the effects of Imam Ghazali on philosophers and philosophers on Imam Ghazali are also presented with examples.

Developing and Comparing of Paired Comparisons Models under Bayesian Principle.

The paired comparisons (PCs) is applicable in the situation, when items/ treatments are ranked to obtain the response, treatments presented in pairs. This study is carried out to develop some new paired comparison models named as the Rayleigh PC model, the Maxwell PC model, and the Nakagami PC model. Moreover, an Amendment is suggested in the existing van-Baaren VI PC model to introduce two-tie parameters. The Rayleigh PC model is also modified by introducing the parameter of no preference. The models are analyzed under Bayesian method. The posterior distributions for parameters are derived under non-informative and informative priors. The hyperparameters are elicited through the technique of prior predictive distributions. The ranking for treatments are obtained by the posterior estimates. To obtain posterior summaries, the following loss functions are considered in this study: quadratic loss function, weighted loss function, squared error loss function. The graphical depiction of marginal posterior distributions is given. Furthermore, the preference and predictive probabilities are evaluated for a current and future single PC, respectively. The posterior probabilities of the hypotheses are computed for comparing two parameters. Model appropriateness is checked through the χ2 test. The Lindley-Shannon information is enumerated for the amount of information in the priors. The Akaike information criterion and the Bayesian information criterion are measured for the model selection. The analysis is performed on the two real life data sets of five cigarette brands: Goldleaf, Marlboro, Dunhill, Benson & Hedges and Davidoff and four drinking water brands: Aquafina, Nestle, Kinley and Springley. The posterior summaries are obtained by the Gibbs sampling. Mostly SAS package is used for finding results.