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A Feminist Critique Fo Faqirs Th Cry of Dove and Sidhwas

Thesis Info

Author

Hafza Farhat Naheed

Supervisor

Ghulam Murtaza

Program

Mphil

Institute

Riphah International University

Institute Type

Private

Campus Location

Faisalabad Campus

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

iv, 64 . ; 30 cm.

Subject

English Literature

Language

English

Other

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy to the Faculty of English Literature; Includes bibliographical references; Thesis (M. phil)-- Riphah International University, 2016; English; Call No: 820.9 FAR

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676711129721

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سعید انصاری

ڈاکٹر سعید انصاری
افسوس ہے کہ ۲۶؍ جنوری کو ڈاکٹر سعید انصاری کا دہلی میں کینسر کے موذی مرض میں انتقال ہوگیا، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے، وہ دارالمصنفین کی مجلس انتظامیہ کے قدیم رکن تھے۔ (صباح الدین عبدالرحمن، فروری ۱۹۸۴ء)

 

ڈاکٹر سعید انصاری
قارئین معارف کو گزشتہ شمارہ سے جناب سعید انصاری کے انتقال کی خبر معلوم ہوچکی ہے، ان کا وطن اعظم گڑھ ہی تھا، اپنے محلہ اور شہر کے قدیم مدرسہ اسلامیہ میں ابتدائی تعلیم حاصل کرنے کے بعد انھوں نے مشن اسکول میں داخلہ لیا، یہ بڑا پرآشوب دور تھا، ملک کے گوشہ گوشہ میں خلافت، اور ترک موالات کی تحریک کے اثر سے انگریزوں کے خلاف ہیجان برپا تھا۔
تحریک کے پروگرام میں سرکاری اسکولوں اور کالجوں کا مقاطعہ بھی تھا، سعید انصاری صاحب نے اس سے متاثر ہوکر اسکول چھوڑ دیا اور بنارس جاکر کاشی ودیا پیٹھ سے فرسٹ ڈویژن میں میڑک کیا، انٹرمیڈیٹ میں بارہ روپے ماہوار وظیفہ ملا مگر جامعہ اسلامیہ کی کشش انھیں علی گڑھ کھینچ لائی، ۱۹۲۴؁ء میں وہ طلبہ کی انجمن اتحاد کے سکریٹری اور ان کے ہم سبق ڈاکٹر یوسف حسین خان مرحوم نائب صدر ہوئے، ۱۹۲۵؁ء میں بی۔اے کیا اور ۱۹۲۶؁ء میں جامعہ میں استاد کی حیثیت سے ان کا تقرر ہوا، اس زمانہ میں اس کی مالی حالت نہایت خراب تھی، کئی کئی مہینے تک استادوں کو تنخواہیں نہیں ملتی تھیں، جامعہ کے امنا (ٹرسٹیز) اسے بند کردینے کے لئے آمادہ ہوگئے تھے مگر انجمن تعلیم ملی کے ارکان نے بیس برس تک جامعہ کی خدمت کرتے رہنے اور ڈیڑھ سو سے زیادہ مشاہرہ نہ لینے کا عہد کیا تھا، ابتداء میں گیارہ استاد اس کے حباتی رکن تھے جن میں سعید انصاری مرحوم بھی تھے۔
وہ اپنی علمی و تعلیمی استعداد بڑھانے...

Islamic Concept of Crime and Punishment: A Critical Appraisal of Robert Spencer’s Views

Islam caters to people’s need for peace and serenity and therefore takes every legal measure to safeguard the society against disruptive elements. A criminal who spoils the tranquility of a peaceful society deserves to be awarded severe punishment but Islam does not deem it logical to execute punishments before eliminating the major causes for commission of crimes. The following research article describes the attitudes of Western critics of Islam--such as Robert Spencer-- towards Islamic penalties namely amputation and stoning to death. It describes Islamic concept of crime and punishment in comparison with Western concepts and attempts to prove that Islam never loses sight of moderation and inflicts no barbarities. The last part of the research article, through crime statistics of United States of America, proves that the they have disastrously failed to curb violent crimes in their society. Hence it is high time that the world recognized the effective role and deterrent value of Islamic punishments for peace and stability.

Developing a Sindhi Computational Resource Grammar in Lexical Functional Grammar Framework

Computational grammar development and deep linguistic analysis provides structural details for natural language understanding by machines. Modern multilingual information processing systems use these details for understanding and processing of information represented in different languages. While work in Sindhi language is focused in the areas like part of speech tagging and machine learning. Sindhi lacks resources like computational grammars and deep linguistic analysis systems. Development of such resources is open research area in computational linguistic and natural language processing domains. This work presents the development of Sindhi language morphology and grammar in Finite State Technology and Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) frameworks. The work includes the investigation and identification of morphology and syntax patterns in Sindhi language, development of Sindhi finite state lexicon by modeling of identified morphological patters in LEXC, development of Sindhi LFG by incorporating the finite state lexicon in XLE, and evaluation of developed morphological lexicon and LFG grammar. Various parts of speech of Sindhi language are investigated and their morphological patterns are identified. Nouns are marked by number, gender and case. Ten different cases of nouns are identified namely nominative, accusative, dative, participant, instrumental, locative, ablative, agentive, genitive and vocative. Adjectives are also declined like nouns. Pronouns are declined for number and gender and are marked by nominative, oblique and genitive cases. Generally, adverbs are not inflected but when adjectives used as adverbs they hold the inflectional properties of adjectives. Genitive iv postpositions are inflected and marked by number and gender. Conjunctions and interjections do not inflect. Verbs are most complex part of speech and classified into main, auxiliary, copula and modal verbs. Verbs are conjugated by number and gender and are marked by tense, aspect and mood. Morphological analysis of developed model shows that a verb can have up to 75 different morphological forms in Sindhi. Present, past and future tense patterns along with aspect and mood are analyzed. Aspect in Sindhi can either be perfective or imperfective (continuous and habitual) and can be marked morphologically or syntactically. Many alternative patterns of different aspects exist. Nine different mood patterns are identified including subjunctive, presumptive, imperative, declarative, permissive, prohibitive, capacitive, compulsive and suggestive. Pronominal suffixes in Sindhi may appear on nouns, postpositions and verbs. Pronominal suffixation can possibly cause subject and object pro-drop. Sindhi syntax is analyzed with LFG perspective. Different noun phrase constructions are implemented with coordination patterns including adjective phrases, postpositional phrases, participle phrases, and relative clauses. Genitive case marking patterns along with syntactic agreement are identified and modeled in LFG. Verbal subcategorization frames are defined for different grammatical functions including SUBJ (Subject), OBJ (Object), OBJ2 (Secondary Object), OBL (Oblique), COMP (Complement), XCOMP (Open Complement), and PREDLINK (Predicate link). Phrase and sentence level adjuncts (ADJUNCT) and open adjunct (XADJUNCT) patterns are also identified and implemented in LFG. The developed grammar is tested against two different test suites. First v test suite contains 617 handcrafted sentences in 10 different test files containing sentences with different syntactic features. Second test suite contains real time corpus of two text books of Sindhi class one with 258 sentences. Results show 98.05% and 96.5% parsing percentage of test suite 1 and test suite 2 respectively. Morphology coverage includes 862 stems of different POS classes with total of 10327 inflectional forms. The developed finite state morphology is tested and evaluated against the corpus of 9050 words in terms of coverage, ambiguity, precision, recall and f-measure (F1). The results show 97.8% precision, 96.08% recall and average ambiguity of 1.65 solutions per word with 91.1% coverage. Coverage of different morphological features include number, gender, case, tense, aspect and mood. Syntactic coverage includes nominal elements, coordination, subordination, agreement, verbal subcategorization, tense, aspect and mood. Research and development results include Sindhi part of speech tagset, roman script for Sindhi language, morphological lexicon and LFG grammar of Sindhi. As a side development, a corpus of about 4 million words is also developed. In absence of linguistic resources for Sindhi language, these developments will have signification impact on Sindhi language processing and further research in computational linguistics and related domains.