GEROJENE DALAM ADAT PERNIKAHAN SUKU KAILI DITINJAU DARI FIQHI MUNAKAHAT

This study specifically examines the implementation of gerojene in the custom of Kaili tribal marriage in terms of fiqh Munakahat. The problem raised was how to understand and implement gerojene according to the Kaili tribal wedding customary law. This research is based on the views of some cultural experts that tradition can be seen as an act and behavior that prevails in a society, both in the form of habits and rules that are worked on from generation to generation inherited from ancestors since time immemorial. The definition is that if it is associated with the Kaili tribe's marriage customs, namely gerojene, then what is meant is the actions and rules held in a marriage ceremony inherited from ancestors and have been held for a long time until today are still maintained and practiced in traditional wedding ceremonies the Kaili tribe in Central Sulawesi. This research data comes from secondary data in the form of theories quoted from books, research journals, fiqh munakahat, and other writings by quoting directly or indirectly. Primary data or data collected from the field of research. Primary data collection uses two types of methods. First observation. The researcher went to the research location. The location of this study was in two districts and one city. Donggala Regency, Sigi Regency and Palu City. This observation activity is to meet traditional Kaili figures. Both methods are in-depth interviews. This was intended to find out the understanding and implementation of gerojene customs in the Kaili tribe marriage through question and answer. The answers given will clarify the problem under study. Through this research, it is known that there are differences in the understanding and procedure for the implementation of gerojene in the Kaili tribal marriages of the past with the Kaili tribe today. The words gerojene were pronounced by the customary leader as the representative of the bride of the prospective wife. After that the prospective husband answered as his agreement. The end of this pledge of women and men has legitimately become husband and wife. This event must be attended by a mother father or representing men and women and witnessing traditional and family leaders.

Information and Communication Technologies in Party Politics: Internet and the Jamaat-E-Islami of Pakistan

Surviving the dot com boom successfully, the use of new Information and Communication Technologies by representative political organizations is on the rise. This study explores and explains the relationship between new ICTs and their use by Jama‟at-e-Islami of Pakistan – an “Islamist” party with an organized and rigid hierarchical structure. Though there is a significant amount of literature on the politics and history of the JI, it lacks a focus on JI‟s use of the new ICTs, internet here, for communication purposes. This study suggests that, ideally, internet is a level playing field for the JI. Due to the involvement of the JI in electoral politics of Pakistan, a target population with majority of youth and their interest and availability in the online spaces present ample opportunities for the JI to use these media for extending its sphere of influence. However, the study proposes that while using new ICTs for extending its sphere of influence online, the JI faces significant challenges. These challenges are twofold: first, ideological message attracting specific groups and people in the “pull” and “bonding” media of internet at the cost of finding new supporters; second, a clash between the strategic participation mechanism by the JI (supply side) and the one demanded by the young online public through internet technologies (demand side). The study is thus concerned with what direction the JI may take amidst its leadership struggling to steer it on their own terms against the decentralizing forces coupled by the changing nature of participation in politics through online technologies while at the same time extending its sphere of influence online. To answer this question, the study adopts a theoretical framework comprising a blend of „technological determinism‟ – a realist ontological position, and „social determinism‟ – a constructivist ontological approach, albeit, with a tilt towards the latter. The research takes a mixed method approach for collecting and analyzing the required data. It used Comparative Manifesto Project for codification and quantification of the online message of the JI. Further, to find a meaning into what happens when the JI faces demanded participation from the young citizens through internet, the study resorts to collecting and analyzing qualitative data through interviews of the website managers and leadership of the JI besides informal discussions with IJT students and members from the JI. The findings of the study reveal that the online articulations of the JI were more of a catch-all and post-Islamist (retreat from creating an Islamic state) nature. The study argues that these sorts of articulations help the JI traverse the “pull” and “bonding” nature of the internet. Nevertheless, the JI falls prey to the power of the decentralized technologies, for instance, in the case of its student wing‟s (IJT) former members who exert influence on the decision making in the JI through a virtual forum on Facebook. Thus in the context of new ICTs‟ use, the JI‟s positional elites are not the one to strategically determine either its public or organizational policy. Rather, „new elite‟ join them in steering the direction of the JI. Moreover, due to the importance of digital activism handed over to the „social media‟ team of the JI, I argue that it de-emphasizes the ideological zeal and traditional activism of the formal supporters of the JI. The study fills an important gap in the literature on the JI‟s history and politics in Pakistan. Further, the study claims that the theoretical approach adopted in this research can better explain the use of internet by parties concerned with their ideology and representative structures.