Impact of a Non-Dedicated U-Turn on Traffic

Non-dedicated U turn has a direct effect on road safety, capacity and congestion during the traffic flow. U turn can have significant supremacy on traffic flow and headway. Therefore to study the impact of non-dedicated u turns on traffic is the ultimate requirement of the current time. This is a microscopic traffic study in which the data from a U turn (33°59’48.2"N 71°27’30.2"E) on road leading to Hayatabad and Karkhano in Peshawar is evaluated in terms of headway, speed and flow rate of traffic. Factual data is presented which shows that the average time headway surges when the traffic is interfered by the U turning vehicles. The probability density functions and cumulative density functions fit to the datasets of headway are then evaluated by the techniques of anova analysis to determine which distribution is the most suitable one for the data. Distribution data specific with the interfering U turn was taken in a separate set and evaluated. The result obtained show that the Burr Distribution and Generalized Extreme Value Distribution are the optimum to illustrate the headway data of traffic being interfered by U turning vehicles. This ligitimize the utilization of various time headway distributions of vehicles being interfered by U turning for traffic modeling.

A Study of Muslim Educational System and its Impact in Pre and Post British Era in the Sub-Continent

Knowledge is the only mean of transformation towards betterment. Quran has emphasised the significance of acquiring knowledge. The Prophet (P.B.U.H) enlightened this world with divine guidance to transform this world from the clutches of immoralities and sins to pinnacle of piety and ethic via education. He has set an example for others to follow. As regards Sub-Continent, it has experienced different governments and system of education. This thesis is all about Muslim Educational System that prevailed in the Sub-Continent from Mughal Empire and onwards. Zaheer uddin Babar was the founder of Mughal Dynasty in the Sub-Continent who established own scheme of education. He introduced Persian, Arabic and Turkish languages on official basis besides establishing religious institutions to study Quran and Sunnah. His son Humayun also concentrated on education. Akbar being the potent monarch of the Sub-Continent instituted many secular institutions as well to please his Hindu subjects. He was also a great advocate of technical education. Moreover, Aurangzeb Alamgir endeavoured to highlight education. Aurangzeb and his daughters were gems of knowledge. Aurangzeb tried to proclaim the words of Allah eliminating anti-Islamic practices. After the downfall of the Mughal Empire, East India Company ushered in the sub-continent formalizing its own schemes of education to prolong its seizure in the Sub-Continent. During this regime, Shah Waliullah foresaw the ravages of the East India Company’s policy. So, he worked harder to wake up Muslims of the Sub-Continent. So, they could rectify their shortcomings and strive to acquire path of solidarity. Similarly, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan paved the way for renaissance in the Muslims via highlighting the significance of modern education. He did exclaim to have modern institutions for Muslims of the Sub-Continent. So, Muslims could compete with Hindus in all walks of life. Maulana Qasim Nanotvi via his orthodox dogmas exhumed defunct Muslims’ moral values embedding with Islamic Shariah. He envisaged Darul Uloom Deoband, a training galaxy of savants to spread Islamic essence further. Allama Shibli Naumani amalgamated western and orthodox education in Nadvatul Ulma Luknow. After inception of Pakistan, University of Cambridge introduced its ‘O’ and ‘A’ system in Pakistan. This system has overtaken urban areas of Pakistan creating a benchmark in the field of education. It facilitated thousands of students of Pakistan to excel in their exams challenging world. They cherish to enjoy the fruits of this superb system par excellence. In short, this thesis details comprehensive study of the educational system and remedies to improve educational system of Pakistan.