اسلامی ریاست میں قیادت کے راہنما اصول اسلامی تعلیمات کی روشنی میں

Islamic state is responsible to provide the means of protection for its inhabitants. It is the religious and spiritual duty of Islamic state to protect the Islamic culture and civilization as well so that the Muslims could perform their religious and social duties freely. Likewise, an Islamic state is supposed to ensure justice into the society. It indicates that establishing an Islamic state is core responsibility of Muslims so that they could practice their religion in free atmosphere and religious leadership. In this connection, the purpose of this research paper was to explore the principles of leadership in an Islamic state. The qualitative and descriptive research methodology was employed for the collection and analysis of data. The review of literature revealed that Muslim scholars have given particular emphasized on establishing the Islamic state. Moreover the jurists have counted the essential qualities in Islamic leadership. In this context, this article has dealt with the ideal principles which are necessary for the Islamic leadership. These principles are extracted from Qur’ān, Sunnat and. (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet Holy of life

Expression Patterns of P53 and Her2/Neu in Primary Ovarian Carcinomas

Background: Ovarian tumours are common neoplasms of the female genital tract and a leading cause of cancer mortality among women. There is paucity of local Kenyan data on the morphologic subtypes of ovarian tumours and the expression of select prognostic markers in ovarian carcinomas has not been previously investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and describe the patterns of p53 and HER2/neu expression in primary ovarian carcinomas and to describe the clinical and pathologic features of ovarian tumours diagnosed at the Pathology Laboratory of the Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study was undertaken. Electronic histopathology reports of all ovarian tumours diagnosed over a three year period in the Histopathology department at the Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi Laboratory were retrieved. Clinical and pathologic data were recorded. Haematoxylin-eosin stained slides of the ovarian carcinomas were reviewed and appropriate paraffin-embedded blocks selected and retrieved from the archives for immunohistochemistry. Additional paraffin blocks of primary ovarian carcinomas diagnosed consecutively over a 2 year period from the Aga Khan Hospital Kisumu, and the AICKijabeHospital were included in the study after review of haematoxylin-eosin stained slides. Sections were cut from all the selected ovarian carcinoma blocks and stained for HER2/neu and p53 using standard immunohistochemical techniques. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 17 and are presented in tables and charts. Results: Three-hundred and seventy-four ovarian tumours were diagnosed at Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi during the study period. The median age for malignant tumours was 51.1 years. The most common benign tumour was mature cystic teratoma (44.3% 95%CI ±5.68%). The most common malignant tumour was serous carcinoma (44.7% 95%CI ±11.43%). Forty-three point three percent (95%CI 32.1-55.2%) of carcinomas were positive for p53 and 13.4% (95%CI 7.2-23.6%) were positive for HER2/neu. Serous carcinoma (61.1% 95%CI±15.9%) and adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified (33.3% 95%CI ±11.3%) were more likely to be positive for p53. There was no association noted between the histologic grade or pathologic stage and positivity for p53. There was no association noted between staining for HER2/neu and histologic type, histologic grade or pathologic stage of carcinoma. Conclusion: The proportion of histologic subtypes of primary ovarian tumours that were diagnosed is similar that described in literature. There is no significant difference in the expression patterns of both p53 and HER2/neu from that described in literature.