Pak-China Defense Cooperation and Evolving International Relations

This study is about the impact of different global and regional changes resulting from PakistanChina’s defense cooperation and further examines the increasing range of diplomatic cooperation in the social, tactical, and economic realms. The paper focuses on three events: (i) the 1978 transformation of China and its opening-up policies; (ii) disbanding of the U.S.S.R (1991); and (iii) the event of 9/11 in the United States. These events had a significant influence on Pak-China ties. This study is a literature review and contributes to a better understanding of the evolving international systems namely the India-U.S. Tactical relations and strategic cooperation. The paper concludes that China and Pakistan need to preserve amicable, strategic, and diplomatic connections with one another as it is necessary for the peace, security, and economic development of not only China and Pakistan but for the region overall.

Use of L1 Through Sandwich Approach to Improve Listening and Comprehension Skills for Sld in Pakistani Learners.

This study is based on exploring the influence of L1 (1st language/mother tongue) on L2 (2nd language) listening skills through the sandwich approach. The main focus is listening comprehension of second language (English) in Pakistani students. Listening skill is required for speaking and communication of second language. The need is to give the Pakistani learners an easy way of enhancing listening skill to understand better (without spending years to polish listening skill) and speak well in L2. The study consisted of 200 participants as sample population from different institutes of the Southern Punjab Pakistan (Bahawalpur). The researcher observed through pilot study that the students of (graduate and post graduate levels) with good L2 learning lack in their listening comprehension regarding L2 (English) spoken by the native English speakers. The data was collected and listening practices using recorded audio material were conducted to make the participants comprehend L2 native speakers with the help of L1. The analysis was done by using SPSS and the comparative results revealed that the Pakistani learners are well aware of the second language and its use but lack of listening and speaking exposure creates difficulties for them to communicate with L2 native speakers. Use of L1 through sandwich approach was useful in developing the listening skill and comprehension of the L2 learners.