ماہیا
ماہیا سر زمین پنجاب کا عوامی گیت ہے۔ماہیا کا لفظ ماہی سے نکلا ہے لیکن یہ اردو والا ماہی نہیں ہے(1) ویسے ماہیا میں محب اپنے محبوب کی جدائی میں ماہی بے آب کی طرح بھی ترپتا دکھائی دیتا ہے۔پنجابی میں بھینس یا مہیس کو کہتے ہیں۔بھینس چرانے والوں کو اسی نسبت سے ماہی کہا جا تا ہے۔ان چرواہوں کو بھینسوں پر نظر رکھنے کے سوا کوئی کام نہیں ہوتا تھا۔اس لئے دیہاتی ماحول کے مطابق انہوں نے کسی مشغلے کے ذریعے وقت گزاری کا وقت نکلا۔بانسری بجانے اور گیت گانے کا مشغلہ ایسا تھا کہ بیک وقت چرواہے کا فرض بھی ادا کیا جا سکتا تھا اور اپنے دل کو بھی بہلایا جا سکتا تھا۔بانسری اور اچھی آواز کے جادو نے بھی بعض چرواہوں کو اپنے اپنے دیہاتوں میں مقبولیت عطا کی ہوگی لیکن جب محبت کے قصوں میں رانجھے اور مہینوال کو اپنے اپنے محبوب تک رسائی حاصل کر نے کے لیے چرواہ بننا پڑا تو پھر ان کرداروں کی رومانوی کشش نے لفظ ماہی کو چرواہے کی سطح سے اٹھا کر نہ صرف ہیر اور سوہنی کا محبوب بنا دیا بلکہ ہر محبت کرنے والی مٹیار کا محبوب ماہی قرار پایا۔اسی ماہی کے ساتھ اپنے پیار کے اظہار کے لئے ماہیا عوامی گیت بن کے سامنے آیا۔
ماہیے میں پنجاب کے عوام کے جذبات ،احساسات اور خواہشات کا خوبصورت اور براہِ راست اظہار ملتا ہے۔عوام نے اپنی امنگوں ،آرزوں اور دعاوں کو شاعری کے ذریعے سینہ بہ سینہ آگے بڑھایا اور زندہ رکھا۔اسی لیے یہ عوامی گیت اپنی ظاہری صورت میں انفرادی ہونے کے باوجود اپنی سوسائٹی کی ترجمانی کرتا ہے۔ماہیا فکرو خیال سے ہی نہیں ہوتا لیکن گہرے فلسفیانہ خیالات کے برعکس سیدھے عوام کے دل میں اتر جانے والا انداز ہی اس کے مزاج کا...
This study aims to evaluate the links among gold price, oil price, exchange rate and interest rate in Pakistan. All these channels are interconnected and have impact on monetary policy of the country. Monthly data ranging from 1995-01 to 2016-12 is used for the analysis based on VAR Model. Exchange rate depreciations are responded by tight monetary policy actions, which seem to have a significant effect on exchange rate stabilization process and raise gold price. Changes in oil prices at global level strongly affect the nexus in Pakistan. Monetary policy managers are suggested to take changes in gold prices as indicators of short-run fluctuations in Pakistan economy. The study contributes in two ways. Firstly, as a case study of Pakistan, it analyzes the role of gold market in response to changes in exchange rate and world oil prices. Secondly, the study links up monetary policy decisions to the nexus of gold price-oil price-exchange rate. Findings of the study may be useful for monetary policy makers, academia, and gold industry alike.
Sir Dr Allama Muhammad Iqbal was an ideologist, a poet-philosopher and a spiritualist personality who was a
strong proponent of the political and spiritual revival of Islamic civilization. He had solid comprehension in many
knowledge domains. Allama Iqbal expressed his opinion on politics, economics, history, nationalism, philosophy,
religion, revival of Muslim life and the universal brotherhood of Islam in scholastic manner. He used poetry,
literature and lectures as his medium of expression. In this practice, he developed verbal and written skills in
different languages. So these aspects of Allama Iqbal's life are the main theme of my thesis. Although Iqbal did
the maximum of his poetry and literary work in Persian and Urdu but he could also read, write and speak other
languages. His potential in understandings of Arabic, English, German, Hindi and Sanskrit along with the Persian
and Urdu have been elucidated in first chapter. Being a great scholar, he had a special aptitude for imparting his
own literary taste in reviving the Islamic culture in Muslim Ummah.
In second chapter, focus is on how much Allama Iqbal was related to the domain of justice and law. Dr Allama
Iqbal acquired the law education in formal manner from renowned institutions. He practiced as lawyer and
established his reputation as professional prosecutor.
Political life of Allama Iqbal has been addressed in third chapter. His contributions in Indian politics have been
highlighted. Allama's political activities though primarily concentrated on Indian Muslims but he did express his
concerns for political issues of Muslim Ummah. He was extremely desirous of secure political and social life for
all Muslims. In fourth chapter, Allama Iqbal's understanding of the different economical system has been
elaborated with special emphasis on Capitalism vis-a-vis Communalism. However Allama Iqbal has been close to
principal working of communalism but he was impressed with Islamic system of economics which he
communicated in his book "Ilm-ul-Iqtassadiyat". In fifth chapter, Allama Iqbal as a scholastic philosopher
(Mutakkalim — Mahir-e-Ilm-ul-Kalam) scholar has been portrayed. He tried to interpret Islam in such a way as
to show that religious doctrines are in perfect harmony with the established rational philosophies. He was well
aware of different philosophical ideologies of the world. However, he extended his taste for Greek philosophy but
he strictly adhered to Islamic philosophy.
His PhD dissertation "Development of Meta Physics in Persia" speaks of his philosophical orientation. Allama
Iqbal was well acquainted with the historical events of the world. In sixth chapter Allama Iqbal's efforts for finding
out the reasons for the rise and fall of the Muslim nation have been discussed. He illuminated the magnificent era
of Muslims' ancestors and urged the Muslim community to reinstate their lost glorious time. In seventh chapter,
the Allama Iqbal's association for Islam in comparison with other prominent religions of the world has been
spelled out. Allama had the capability to share and compare his Islamic thoughts with other divine and earthly
religion. He also delivered lectures/speeches for highlighting the Islamic way of life. He emphasized the world to
adopt the Islamic values if they are desirous of peace and harmony.
In the last chapter, all the topics, discussed in this complete thesis have been summarized with their significance.