فلسفہ احکام میراث

This research article explores the rationale behind Islamic injunctions regarding inheritance. Unlike other Islamic injunctions, which are briefly enunciated in the Quran but elaborated in Sunnah, inheritance has been detailed in considerable length in the Quranic text itself. This coupled with numerous Prophetic traditions underpins the unique importance Islam accords to the question of inheritance. However, despite its exceptional importance, the subject of Islamic law of inheritance remains mostly a neglected one, even among the students of Islamic seminaries and Ulema. Resultantly, Islam’s brilliant system of inheritance is often not implemented by the adherents of Islam, much to the miseries and hardships of the legal heirs, especially the children and women. Thus these marginalized segments of society are deprived of their rights today just as they were treated before the advent of Islam. This research brings home the fact that the divinely ordained Islamic injunctions of inheritance are based on sound rationale and justification in the best interest of humanity, and that the believers must adhere to these injunctions that are based on three key principles: proximity in relationship, need, and distribution of wealth. The paper explains in great length the types of relatives and legal heirs, the principles of distribution among them, the justification for such shares, and the limits imposed by Quran and Sunnah with regard to the right of the deceased, the heirs, relatives and the state. It also discusses some of the contentious issues in contemporary debate on Islam: an orphan grandson’s title to inheritance, and the philosophy behind 2: 1 inheritance distribution formula between son and daughter. In doing so, the author has not only relied on the main sources of Islamic jurisprudence viz. Quran and Sunnah, in addition to classical and modern Islamic scholarship but also sound argumentation and logical exposition.

Some Cosmological Implications of Extended Scalar Tensor Theories

This thesis is devoted to explore some cosmological implications in gravity and generalizedgravity. Initially, we discuss the cosmological reconstruction of theory (where,and represent the Ricci scalar, scalar invariant and scalar field) corresponding to power law and de Sitter evolution in the framework of FRW universe model. We derive the energy conditions for this modified theory which seem to be more general and can be reduced to some known forms of these conditions in general relativity,andtheories. We also present the general constraints in terms of recent values of snap, jerk, deceleration and Hubble parameters. The energy bounds are analyzed for reconstructed as well as known models in this theory. Finally, the free parameters are analyzed comprehensively. First and second laws of black hole thermodynamics are examined at the apparent horizon of FRW spacetime in gravity. In this modified theory, Friedmann equations are formulated for any spatial curvature. These equations can be presented into the form of first law of thermodynamics for ̂̂ , wherêis an extra entropy term because of the non-equilibrium presentation of the equations and ̂ for the equilibrium presentation. The generalized second law of thermodynamics (GSLT) is expressed in an inclusive form where these results can be represented in GR,andgravities. Finally to check the validity of GSLT, we take some particular models and produce constraints of the parameters. Moreover, we examine static spherically symmetric wormhole solutions in generalizedgravity. To do this, we consider three different kinds of fluids: anisotropic, barotropic and isotropic. We explore differentmodels and inspect the energy conditions for all of those three fluids. It is found that under some models in this theory, it is possible to obtain wormhole solutions without requiring exotic matter. From our results, one can conclude that for all three cases of fluids stable and realistic wormhole solutions can be constructed.Further, we have consideredaction which is non-minimally coupled to the xi scalar field. In this context, we obtain the exact analytical solutions for inflationary era as well as find a graceful exit condition from inflation. We calculate the perturbed parameters, i.e., number of e-folds, slow-roll parameters, scalar and tensor power spectra, corresponding spectral indices and ultimately tensor to scalar ratio. It is showed that the power spectra lead to blue-tilt for this model. The trajectories of the perturbed parameters are plotted to compare the results with recent observations.Finally, we will discuss cosmological models using Bianchi type I for anisotropic fluid intheory of gravity which involves scalar potential. For this purpose, we consider power law assumptions of coupling function and scalar field along with the proportionality condition of expansion and shear scalars. We choose twomodels and obtain exact solutions of field equations in both cases. For these constructed models, the behavior of different physical quantities like EoS parameter, self-interacting potential as well as deceleration and skewness parameters is explored and illustrated graphically for the feasible ranges of free parameters. It is concluded that anisotropic fluid approaches to isotropy in later cosmic times for both models which is compatible with the observational data.