سرشاہ سلیمان
نئی تعلیم نے جو بہتر سے بہتر نمونے ہماری قوم میں پیش کئے اُن میں سے ایک سرشاہ سلیمان تھے، وہ مشرقی تعلیم کے ایک ممتاز خاندان کے فرد فرید تھے، ان کا آبائی وطن ضلع اعظم گڑھ ہی کا ایک ممتاز قصبہ تھا، ملا محمود جون پوری جن کا نام شمس بازغہ اور فرائد کے مصنف کی حیثیت سے آفتاب کی طرح درخشاں ہے، ان کے مورثِ اعلیٰ تھے، سرسلیمان مرحوم نے بھی ابتدائی مشرقی تعلیم حاصل کی تھی، اور عربی تعلیم سے بہرہ ور تھے، ملا محمود نے فلسفہ میں ادب کی، اور ادب میں فلسفہ کی شان پیدا کی تھی، یہی خصوصیت سر سلیمان کی ذات میں تھی، ایک طرف وہ قصائد ذوق اور مثنویات میر کو ترتیب دیتے تھے اور دوسری طرف آئن سٹائن کے نظریہ پر نقد و تبصرہ کرتے تھے۔
سر سلیمان کی فطری ذہانت بے نظیر تھی، ذہانت کی بجلی ان کی رگ رگ میں بھری تھی، وہ نہ صرف ہائی کورٹوں کے جج رہے، بلکہ قانون کے نکتہ شناس بھی تھے، ان کی لیاقت و قابلیت کی شرح کے لئے چند سطریں کسی طرح کافی نہیں ہوسکتیں، اور ان سب باتوں کے ساتھ وہ مسلمان بھی تھے، ایماناً اور عملاً مسلمان! وہ ان تنگ ظرفوں میں نہ تھے جو رومن حروف کے چند الفاظ پڑھ لینے کے بعد اپنے کو حقائق و معارف کا سب سے بڑا عارف مان کر دین و مذہب سے بے نیاز ہوجاتے ہیں، اور بندگی کی حد سے آگے بڑھ کر خدائی کے عرش کا اپنے کو مستحق سمجھنے لگتے ہیں، مرحوم میں ان خوبیوں کے ساتھ بہت سی اخلاقی خوبیاں بھی جمع تھیں، وہ منکسر، متواضع، حلیم، اور سادہ مزاج تھے، ساتھ ہی اپنی رائے کے مضبوط اور کام کے دھنی تھے، وہ عالم تھے، مگر عمر بھر طالب العلم بنے...
A collection of Aḥādīth of Prophet Muḥammad (May peace and blessing be upon him) compiled by Imām Bukhārī. The Muslim scholars of past and present time gave great importance to this book by making their efforts to extract the treasures hidden in this book and to present the different approaches and benefits of this book. “Al Kawākib al-Durārī” by Imām Al kirmānī is an old explanation of Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī. He was among those scholars who were expert in many fields at a time like knowledge about ╓adīth, its narrators, Commentary, Qirā’t, Qur‘ānic Sciences, Islamic Jurisprudence, Arabic language, Faith, Medicine, History, Geography, Astronomy etc. ╓afiz Ibn ╓ajar who also had the specialization in science of hadith and knowledge about biographies of narrators. During studying “Fatḥ al Bārī” I found that ╓afiz Ibn ╓ajar criticized on the commentary of Al kirmānī at many times in relating different sayings and signals. In this article I studied these comments of ╓afiz Ibn ╓ajar on Imam Alkirmani a critical comparison. After research I have found that ╓afiz Ibn ╓ajar has consulted “Al Kawākib al- Durārī” and quoted Imām Al kirmānī’s commentary and added it. This article approves that judgments of ╓afiz Ibn ╓ajar on conversion and transformation of text and on distorted, additional and incomplete words in the text are more authentic than Imām Al kirmānī.
Policy makers ,especially in countries that lags in broadband Internet penetration, are in search for policies to increase the broadband penetration and reduce the digital divide. While there may exist various reasons responsible for the low broadband penetration, little empirical has been done so far to test these possible reasons. In OECD countries, there exists significant variations in the rate of broadband Internet speeds and broadband Internet penetration. While broadband penetration in OECD countries continue to grow, the rate of broadband penetration itself is particularly important for various countries. A general debate over this issue continues and various arguments being discussed against the status of broadband Internet adoption, how critical is the intervention to increase broadband adoption, and the effectiveness of these interventions. In order to become competitive and increase economic growth, a critical barrier for a nation is to develop Internet infrastructure especially broadband. In search of a significant case that could be used to assess the possible factors that contributes to broadband Internet adoption at national level, we find OECD countries important due their comparative advanced levels of broadband Internet deployment and wide variations in the levels of broadband penetration. The purpose of this dissertation is to identify and examine various factors and their significance in broadband uptake in OECD countries, and discuss the role of broadband Internet in the national competitiveness and economic growth. The dissertation also assesses the effectiveness of governmental interventions, on both supply and demand sides, to increase broadband uptake and come up with some recommendations for government role in the process of broadband uptake. This dissertation uses quantitative method approach and applies two research models to assess the significance of various broadband-related environmental factors and governmental interventions. viii A modified Porter’s Diamond model and a conceptual model, based on King et al., (1994) work, were constructed and used. The diamond model used correlation analysis and trend analysis. The conceptual model used panel and OLS regression analysis. Both models assessed significance of various factors, divided into groups, for the broadband adoption at the national level. A critical analysis of previous studies is provided to extend the scope of the role of government in broadband adoption and impact of various factors responsible for broadband adoption at national level. The quantitative analysis of this dissertation provides evidence that various factors affect the availability of broadband Internet. These factors also include governmental intervention factors from both supply and demand side. The analysis of both model also affirms the criticality of household computer penetration, number of Internet users and non-users, firms’ e-commerce turnover, and number of people having tertiary education, electronic government services, and local loop unbundling (LLU) policies in promoting broadband adoption at national level.