GENDER DIFFERENCE IN FUNCTIONAL DISABILITY AMONG PATIENT WITH NON-SPECIFIC CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN

Background of the Study: LBP is a common condition that can be specific or non-specific. Non-specific LBP, which has no known cause, is responsible for 90% of cases and causes pain in the back from the 12th rib to the inferior gluteal folds. Methodology: The study utilized a cross-sectional design in which both males and females completed the Oswestry low back questionnaire. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: 85 patients participated in the study with a mean age of 38±9.603. Pain levels varied among patients, with 23 reporting no pain, 29 with light pain, 23 with moderate pain, and 10 with pretty severe pain. Patients had varying degrees of self-care ability with 13 able to care for themselves without triggering pain and 4 requiring daily assistance. Most patients (75 out of 85) had minor disabilities, while 10 had moderate disabilities. The relationship between the ODI score and the question was found to be similar. Conclusion: The data suggest that individuals with non-specific chronic low back pain have only a limited impairment, and only a few suffer from moderate sickness that affects their social lives. Non-specific persistent low back pain is not connected with gender differences in functional impairment.

Data Visualization Using Spline Functions

Accurate visualization of regular and scattered surface data requires that the surface characteristics or shape is preserved. This is desirable in most computer aided engineering applications, including; geometric modelling, sectional drawing, designing pipe systems in chemical plants, surgery; designing car bodies, ship hulls and airplanes; physical and chemical processes, geology, meteorology. Three basic surface data shape characteristics, namely positivity, monotonicity and convexity are of general interest. For examples rainfall data is positive, the rate of dissemination of drugs in the blood is positive and monotone, data generated in an optimization problem may be convex. Within a data visualization environment, a user is usually interested in graphically. This requires the use of interpolating schemes which themselves must possess certain characteristics like shape preservation, shape control, etc. Many authors derived the constraints on derivatives to visualize the shape of data. These schemes fail to preserve the shape of data, when data are given with the derivatives at the data points. Some existing schemes are global, the disadvantages of these schemes: modification of data or constraints in one of the interval will affect the graphical display of the data over the whole domain. In the visualization of monotone scattered data, some existing schemes transform the scattered data in to the regular data. These schemes are not feasible to industrial applications where bulk of data is under consideration. The focus of this thesis is on the graphical display of regular and scattered surface data which possess positive, monotone and convex shape features. The aim is to develop the data visualization schemes that are local, computationally economical, visuallyv pleasing that are applicable to both data and data with derivatives and above all provide automotive techniques for appropriate choice of parameters. Data visualization schemes for regular data are developed using rational bi-cubic function and rational bi-cubic partially blended function to preserve positivity, monotonicity and convexity of surface data. Simple sufficient data dependent shape preserving constraints are derived in terms of the free parameters of rational bi-cubic and rational bi-cubic partially blended function. The problem of data visualization of constrained data is also addressed when the data is lying above the plane and the interpolating surface is required to lie on the same side of the plane. Finally, data visualization schemes are developed for scattered data arranged over the triangular grid.