Human Papilloma Virus Related Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma-an updated review

Human papilloma virus (HPV) related head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) has varying etiology, genetic as well as environmental factors involved and differential clinicicopathological features. HNSCC came in the limelight recently due to increased incidence rate and insufficient diagnostic methods. This review will comprehensively focus on the characteristics of HPV associated HNSCC.  It will provide an updated review of our understanding of HPV role in Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) known to date. Curruntly, three vaccines are available (Gardasil, Gardasil 9 and Cervarix). These vaccines prevent infections with HPV types 16 and 18 HPV-16 is most common type associated with HNSCC. HPV related HNSCC has better prognosis, does not mutate  but inactivatestumor suppressor genes and therefore has comparatively better treatment options. However, there is still a need to improve our methods of sampling, HPV molecular assay and type of specimen to be used.

Genetic Evaluation of Maize Zea Mays L. Accessions for Grain and Fodder Yield

The present study was carried out in the experimental area of the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad Pakistan to evaluate the maize accessions for grain and fodder yield. Eighty maize accessions were collected from the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad and Maize and Millet Research Institute Sahiwal, Pakistan. Out of these 80 accessions twelve lines were selected on the basis of batter performance, heritability, genetic advance and higher genotypic correlation among cob length, cob diameter, grain rows per cob, 100-seed weight, grain yield per plant, green fodder yield, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic water use efficiency and leaf temperature at maturity stage from experiment 1. The selected parents were crossed following 6 × 6 North Carolina mating design II. The germplasm consisting of 12 parents and 36 crosses was evaluated in field experiment for grain, fodder yield, and then quality traits at maturity stage. It was concluded from present study that genotypes may be selected on the basis of their better performance of cob length, cob diameter, grain rows per cob, 100-seed weight, grain yield per plant, green fodder yield, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic water use efficiency and leaf temperature at maturity for grain and green fodder yield while fodder cellulose percentage, fodder crude protein percentage, ash percentage, grain oil percentage, embryo percentage, neutral detergent fibre percentage and fodder moisture percentage as quality for improvement of grain, fodder yield and quality. Higher male additive variance, female additive variance, male × female interaction were found for plant height, stem weight, green fodder yield, leaf weight, leaf length, leaf area, chlorophyll contents, sub-stomata CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, cob weight, stover weight, grain yield per plant, fodder crude fibre percentage, fodder crude protein percentage, nitrogen free extract percentage, acid detergent fibre percentage, neutral detergent fibre percentage and fodder cellulose percentage. Higher dominance effects and degree of dominance was found for leaf area, leaf temperature, leaf length, stem weight, green fodder yield, chlorophyll contents, sub-stomata CO2 concentration, photosynthetic rate, cob weight, 100-seed weight, grain yield per plant, fodder nitrogen free extract percentage, fodder crude fibre and protein percentage, fodder ash percentage, grain starch percentage, acid detergent fibre percentage, neutral detergent fibre percentage and fodder cellulose percentage. The inbred lines B-316, B-11, EV-340, Pop/209, B-336 and EV-1097 showed higher GCA for most of grain, fodder and quality traits which indicated that these lines may be used for the development of synthetic varieties. The F1 hybrids B-11×E-322, EV-1097×Pop/209, B- 327×F-96, B-336×B-316, EV-1097×E-322, B-327×E-340, Sh-139×Pop/209, EV-1097×EV- 340, EV-1097×B-316, Raka-poshi×Pop/209, B-336×EV-347, B-336×Pop/209, EV- 1097×Pop/209, B-316×E-340, Raka-poshi×F-96, B-327×Pop/209 showed higher SCA for most of grain, fodder and quality traits which indicated that these lines may be used in future for the development of hybrids and heterosis breeding programe.