Indo-Afghan Relations: Challenges and Options for Pakistan in Post 9/11 Era

The Indian soft power image in Afghanistan and strategic partnership between the two countries has become a great challenge for Pakistan political and security forces. India wants to prevent Pakistan from regaining “preponderant” influence in present day Afghanistan, and in this context, the paper discusses the history of troubled Pakistan-Afghanistan and Pakistan-India relations. The paper will present a comprehensive analysis on why Afghanistan is strategically important for Pakistan, how it affects Pak-Afghan relations, and how it provided India an opportunity to limit Pakistan’s role in Afghanistan? India’s idea of encircling Pakistan from east and west is a factor the importance of which India understood and used to her gain in 1971 East Pakistani crisis. Pakistan’s idea of ‘strategic depth’ can be understood as a lesson learnt from India’s two-frontier strategy against Pakistan. The paper suggests that Pakistan does not need strategic depth any more. On the contrary, it needs stable, mature and good neighbors so that both countries can come out of standoff. In this way Pakistan could become a partner in a wide range of areas from security to economic and social sectors.

Proportional Load Sharing and Stability of Dc Microgrid

AC electrical distribution system is presently dominating whose engineering foundations were planned above hundred years ago. However, the debate between ac and dc distribution system has started again due to the evolution of dc loads and increasing use of renewable energy sources (RESs). Currently, depleting threat of conventional fuels, growing energy demand and prices, and ecological changes necessitate that considerable power to be produced through RESs. Microgrids are modern form of distribution system which can function autonomously or in combination with main supply grid. Microgrids can operate in low or medium voltage range which have their own power generation with energy storage and loads. The unique property of the microgrids is that they can work in islanded mode under faulty grid conditions which increases the reliability of power supply. This inspires that microgrid is an e ective way of power generation and consumption. In the near future, the distribution system may consist of some interconnected microgrids with local generation, storage and consumption of power. Solar, wind and fuel cell technologies are playing an important role in electric power generation among various renewable sources. Most of these sources are inherently designed for dc or they are dc friendly. The growing use of these sources and fast evolution of domestic appliances from ac to dc attracting dc microgrids in the distribution system. DC microgrid system may be more e cient compared to the ac system because the integration of RESs in dc requires less conversion stages compared to ac. Additionally, the reactive power compensation and frequency synchronization circuits are not required in dc microgrids. DC microgrids are not exempted from the stability concerns. In therst part of this thesis, voltage stability of dc microgrid based on decentralized control architecture is presented. Droop controllers are being used for voltage stability of dc microgrids. But droop control is not e ective due to the error in steady state voltages and load power variations. Further, the voltage deviation increases with the increase in droop values which are not acceptable to the loads. Additionally, proportional integral (PI) controllers are being used to realize droop control for the ix stability of dc microgrid. The main reason to use these control techniques is due to easy implementation of their tuning method in industrial applications. However, PI controllers cannot ensure global stability. They exhibit slower transient response and control parameters cannot be optimized with load power variations. To address the aforementioned limitation, sliding mode control (SMC) is proposed for voltage stability of dc microgrid in this thesis. Main advantages of SMC are high robustness, fast dynamic response and good stability for large load variations. To analyze the stability and dynamic performance, mathematical model of a dc microgrid is derived. Controllability and stability of the modeled system are veri ed. Hitting, existence and stability conditions are veri ed through SM. Modeled dynamics of the system are graphically plotted which shows that system trajectories converge to the equilibrium point. Detailed simulations are carried out to show the e ectiveness of SM controller and results are compared with droop controller. SMC showed good voltage regulation performance in steady state condition. The e ect of transient on a step load is also investigated which con rms the good performance of the proposed controller. Further, a small scale practical setup is developed, and results are presented. In the second part of this thesis, distributed architecture using SM controller is proposed for proportional load sharing in dc microgrid. The key objectives of the dc microgrid include proportional load sharing and precise voltage regulation. Droop controllers are based on decentralized control architecture which are not e ective to achieve these objectives simultaneously due to the voltage error and load power variations. Centralized controller can achieve these objectives using high bandwidth communication link. However, it loses reliability due to the single point failure. To address limitations, a distributed architecture using SM controller utilizing low bandwidth communication is proposed in this thesis. Main advantages are high reliability, load power sharing and precise voltage regulation. To analyze the stability and dynamic performance, system model is developed and its transversality, reachability and equivalent control condition are veri ed. Furthermore, the dynamic behavior of the modeled system is investigated for underdamped and critically damped response. Detailed simulation results are carried out to show the e ectiveness of the proposed controller.