شرح خواندگی اور معاشی خوشحالی
پڑھو گے، لکھو گے بنو گے نواب
جو کھیلو گے، کُودو گے، ہو گے خراب
خواندن مصدر ہے اور اس کے معنی ومفہوم پڑھنے کے بارے میں ہے۔ اور معاشی خوشحالی سے مراد یہ ہے کہ انسان معاشی لحاظ سے خوش حال ہو، ان کا اٹھنا بیٹھنا، کھانا پینا، سفروحضر ایک معیاری قسم کا ہو، ان کے رہن سہن، چال ڈھال میں ایک پر مسرّت اور خوشحال انسان کی جھلک نمایاں ہو۔ معاشی طور پر خوشحال انسان ہی اپنے بارے، اپنی اولادکے بارے میں، اپنے خویش و اقارب کے بارے میں، اپنے احباب کے بارے میں مثبت سوچ کا حامل ہوسکتا ہے، اور اس معاشی خوشحالی کے لیے ایک انسان کا رشتہ تعلیم سے استوار ہونا انتہائی ناگزیر ہے۔
تعلیم انسان کو ایک عظیم انسان بناتی ہے، ایک صاحب شعور فرد بناتی ہے ،تعلیم سے روشنی میسر آتی ہے، علم ایک ایسا نور اور روشنی ہے جس سے جہالت کے اندھیرے دور ہوتے ہیں، انسان کے دل و دماغ عرفان وآگہی کے نور سے منور ہوتے ہیں ،علم ہی کی بدولت انسان حق و باطل اور خیر وشر میں فرق کرنا سیکھتا ہے۔ علم ہی کی بدولت انسان کی خوابیدہ صلاحیتیں بیدار ہوتی ہیں اورعلم ہی کی وجہ سے انسان کے رہن سہن اور طرزِ زندگی میں تہذیب وشائستگی پیدا ہوتی ہے۔ اس میں تعصب اور تنگ نظری کی بجائے فراخ دلی اور رواداری ، خودغرضی کی بجائے ایثار، غرور ونخوت کی بجائے عجز و انکسار ، حرص اور لالچ کی بجائے صبر و قناعت ، حسد اور نفرت کی بجائے محبت اور اخوت جیسے اوصاف پیدا ہوتے ہیں۔
تعلیم ہی کے ذریعے مرصعّ انسان ہی معاشی خوشحالی کا ضامن ہوتا ہے، اگر کسان پڑھا لکھا ہوگا تو اس کی کھیتی بھی زیادہ ہوگی ، اس کی فصل میں اضافہ...
COVID-19 pandemic is a global health crisis with 61, 149,391 confirmed cases and 370,478 deaths till 29May, 2020 [1]. This pandemic has shattered many economies with an estimated loss of $5.8 trillion to $8.8 trillion globally. This economic loss can result in reduction in funds to World Health Organization. Unfortunately, United States of America (USA) has announced termination of any further funding to WHO which can lead to another global health crisis[2]. As WHO is a voluntary funding based organization its main donor are America, China, Japan, Germany and United Kingdom. Among these USA is the main donor with a contribution of $115.8million alone followed by China $57.4 million, Japan $41million, Germany $29.1 million and UK $21.9 million [3]. America’s termination of funding can put WHO and child health programs in serious crisis. Among many programs run by WHO one of the most important program is immunization of children. Immunization coverage programs save 2-3 million livesper year causing decline in measles related deaths, eradication of polio, surveillance of rotavirus, BCG and DTaP vaccination in children[4]. It is estimated that during MillenniumDevelopment Goal (MDG) there is overall decline in child related mortalities due to malaria, measles, diarrhea, AIDS and meningitis [5]. Remarkable results are achieved with measles are diarrhea immunization programs causing a decline in death rate by 73% and 80% respectively. According to a study with current success rate diarrhea related deaths can be virtually eliminated by 2030. Another successful program is “End Polio” program which eradicated polio from world except from Pakistan and Afghanistan [4][6]. This termination of funds to WHO can waste all previous efforts in developing countries. On the other hand despite of all efforts still 19.4 million children did not received prescribed dose of vaccines. Data analysis revealed among these 60% of children belong to 10 developing countries namelyAngola, Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines and Viet Nam [4]. These countries mainly rely on foreign funding and Non-Government Organization (NGOs) for child health care programs.
Empirical research on the profitability of momentum investment strategies in emerging equity markets has presented mixed findings and therefore the momentum patterns in emerging equity markets have not been explained to the unanimous satisfaction of the researchers. This research examines the momentum returns and their determinants for stocks listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange using the data from 2001 to 2015. The analysis is also performed for the two sub-periods, from 2001 to 2007 and from 2009 to 2015, and the two sub-samples, financial firms and non- financial firms. Results show that over the complete sample period the momentum returns are positive and as high as the returns reported in early literature (for example, Jegadeesh & Titman, 1993), but they are not statistically significant. Similar results are obtained for the two sub-samples; however, for the two sub-periods, the momentum strategy yields completely contrasting results. For the first sub-period which experienced a high economic growth, low inflation and better governance, the momentum portfolios earned significant positive returns; whereas for the second sub-period which experienced a low economic growth, high inflation and poor governance, momentum returns are negative for most of the portfolios. Analysis also shows that momentum portfolios continue earning positive returns beyond the holding period indicating that the returns are not caused by temporary over- or under-reaction of investors in the market and they must be related to some systematic risk factors. However, the study does not find any evidence of relationship between beta and size factors and the momentum returns