سر زمینِ سیالکوٹ صدیوں کی انسانی تہذیب و تمدن ،ادب و ثقافت اور فنونِ لطیفہ کا عظیم الشان گہوارہ ہے۔اس دھرتی کے تاریخی آثار ایک طویل مدت سے مورخین و ماہرین آثارِ قدیمہ کی دلچسپی کا سامان رہے ہیں۔اب بھی اس کی عظمت رفتہ کے قصے اہلِ تحقیق کو ورطۂ حیرت میں ڈالے ہوئے ہیں۔سیالکوٹ بہت قدیم شہر ہے۔اطہر سلیمی اس کی قدامت کے حوالے سے لکھتے ہیں:
سیالکوٹ کی تہذیب ٹیکسلا او رموہنجو ڈارو کی تہذیبوں کے ہم پلہ ہے۔(۲۴)
اس عظیم شہر کے رخ سے اگر ماضی کی تاریخ کے گہرے پردے کاٹے جائیں تو ہمیں اس کی تاریخی عظمتوں کا اعتراف کرنا پڑے گا۔سیالکوٹ نے قدیم شہر ہونے کی وجہ سے سینکڑوں روشن اورتاریک رخ دیکھے ہیں۔اس شہر کے سینے میں ہندوراجاؤں ،تاتاریوں اور مغلوں کے تاریخی افسانے پوشیدہ ہیں۔اس کے ذرے ذرے میں ہزاروں ہنگامے پنہاں ہیں۔سیالکوٹ کی ابتدائی تاریخ کی ورق گردانی کرنے پر سب سے پہلے ’’مہابھارات‘‘میں ہمیں اس کا ذکر ملتا ہے۔تقریباً پانچ ہزار سال قبل صوبہ پنجاب کے بہادر راجہ پانڈو خان کے بھتیجے راجہ سل نے اس شہر کو تعمیر کروایا تھا۔یہیں اس نے ایک قلعہ بھی بنوایا اور اپنے ہی نام پر اس کا نام سلکوٹ رکھا۔(۲۵)یعنی سل کا قلعہ جو بعد میں بگڑ کر سیالکوٹ کے نام سے مشہور ہوا ۔اس ضمن میں آتش لدھیانوی رقمطراز ہیں:
یہ راجہ سیاذات کا تھا۔ کہتے ہیں کہ اپنی ذات کی نسبت سے اس جگہ کا نام سیالکوٹ رکھا۔(۲۶)
جیسا کہ اوپر ذکر ہوا ہے کہ اس شہر کا ذکر ہندوؤں کی مذہبی کتب ’’مہابھارت‘‘ اور’’یران ‘‘ میں بھی آیا ہے۔محمد دین فوق نے بھی اس سلسلے میں لکھا ہے:
اس زمانے میں سیالکوٹ کانام شاکل...
As a result of the political crisis in Pakistan, the Martial Law regime of General Zia Al-Haq came into power on July 5, 1977. The process of Islamization was given a new boost during the period of Zia Al-Haq 1977- 1988. He launched a comprehensive scheme to eradicate non-Islamic practices in Pakistani state and society. His Islamization program contemplated significant reforms in the legal-constitutional, socioeconomic and educational institutions of Pakistan. The principles of Zakāt -‘Ushr ordinance, Islamic Ḥudūd and Penal code were introduced in the country. To Islamizing the economy Ribā abandoning and Profit and Loss sharing accounts in banks were initiated. Besides, he renamed parliament as Majlis Al-Shūrā; the Federal Sharī‘at Court, Sharī‘at Appellate Benches and Sharī‘ah Council were established in the country. Under the umbrella of Nizām-e-Muṣṭafā, social reforms were introduced, through the stressing of sanctity of the Holy month of Ramaḍān, enforcement of the bans on gambling and encouragement of chadar for women. Un-Islamic programs were banned on television and radio and news in Arabic was made compulsory. The stated objectives of President Zia’s Islamization policies were to lead Pakistan in the direction of truly Islamic state. However, the critics of his polices considered it a tool for legitimizing and enhancing his political powers in the country.
Two methods namely, conventional mixed oxide and sol gel auto combustion have been adopted to synthesize Mn-Zn Ferrite powder. In sol gel process, nanosized Mn- Zn Ferrite powder was obtained by starting auto combustion reaction in gel containing metal precursors. In each method, electromagnetic properties (saturation magnetization, Curie temperature, magnetic impedance and loss tangent) have been measured after sintering the green compacts (pellets and toroids). The results revealed that Mn-Zn Ferrite synthesized by sol gel auto combustion process had superior electromagnetic properties than conventional mixed oxide method because of possessing single phase and refined microstructure. Apart from the effect of synthesis routes, the role of zirconia (ZrO 2 ) additive (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 wt%) along with/without impurities i.e. calcia (CaO) & silica (SiO 2 ) on the electrical and magnetic properties of Mn-Zn Ferrite have also been studied. In conventional mixed oxide method, it has been observed that Z2-series (0.2 wt% ZrO 2 along with/without CaO & SiO 2 ) have better electromagnetic properties than pure and other synthesized compositions (Z4-series and Z6-series). It was mainly due to the fine control of grain growth process during sintering. The same series (Z2-series) have also been synthesized by sol gel auto combustion process. Further improvement in magnetic impedance was observed due to the simultaneous effect of zirconia along with impurities and adopted synthesis route. Among all the synthesized compositions, Mn-Zn Ferrite containing 0.2 wt% ZrO 2 & 0.04 wt% CaO synthesized by sol gel auto combustion process possessed optimum properties at high frequency ( > 500 KHz). The presence of smaller grains having faceted morphology and formation of insulating phase along grain boundaries enabled this composition to operate at high frequency band (i.e. 3 MHz to 20 MHz). The operational frequency band of this composition was further broadened (i.e. 100 KHz to 18 MHz) by improving the sintering conditions. Furthermore, light weight and compact size (washer type) toroid core of this selected composition was prepared and tested in lab scale fabricated linear pulse amplifier circuit. The results showed that synthesized core was able to transmit even weak input signals (50 mV) without any loss. It was good achievement regarding the miniaturization of Mn-Zn Ferrite core transformers to meet the demand of modern switch mode power supply units. Beside this bulk study, highly textured Mn-Zn Ferrite films were also developed on glass substrate by using the target prepared by sol gel auto combustion process. Pulse laser deposition technique has been employed to deposit these films under controlled conditions. Results showed that the strain induced during the deposition process was responsible to attain texture in fabricated films. Because of possessing magnificent magnetic properties, fabricated film had a potential to utilize in memory and spintronic devices.