الوداع بابا
کل مریم نواز نے کہا
کہ ڈرتے ہیں بندقوں والے ایک نہتی لڑکی سے
اس کے جواب میں نور الہدا شاہ نے ایک تلخ حقیقت بیان کر دی
ایک نہتی لڑکی
راولپنڈی جیل
4اپریل 1979ء
صبح سے پہلے
میرے والد کو قتل کر دیا گیا
ویران بدو دار سہالہ پولیس کیمپ میں
میں اور ماں مقید
وہ کربناک رات گزارنے کے لیے مجھے ماں نے نیند کی گولی دی تھی
اچانک
میں بستر میں اٹھ کر بیٹھ گئی
نہیں پا پا نہیں
میری چیخ نکل گئی
ایک نہتی لڑکی
میں نے جیلر کو کہا
ہمیں وزیر اعظم کے ساتھ جا نا ہے
اس نے کہا ،وہ انہیں دفنانے کے لیے لے جا چکے ہیں
گھر والوں کے بغیر انہیں دفنانے لے گئے میں نے تلخی سے پوچھا
کہاں لے گئے ہیں ؟
وہ چپ
میں ششدر کھڑی رہی
ذوالفقار علی بھٹو جو عوام کے ووٹوں سے منتخب ہوئے تھے
موت کی نیند سلا دیے گئے تھے
ایک نہتی لڑکی
میں جیلر کے سامنے بے بس کھڑی تھی
میرے ہاتھوں میں میرے والد کے آخری کپڑے تھے جن سے ابھی تک پرفیوم کی خوشبو آ رہی تھی
میں نے قمیض کو اپنے ساتھ بینچ لیا
مجھے کیتھی کینڈی یاد آ گئی
جس نے اپنے باپ کے قتل کے بعد اس کا لباس پہن لیا تھا
میں بھی کئی راتیں بابا کی قمیض تکیے کے نیچے رکھ کے سوتی رہی
This study examines the concept of globalisation in its characteristics ramifications. The research used empiricism or an empirical method of data collection and analysis. The research used feasibility and affordability in gathering of data for the work using empirical approach in which statistics and figures from credible sources are relied on. The data obtained were discussed using empirical methodological analysis where some themes are identified and discussed from the topic of the study using scientific tools such as tables, charts, bars and figures where necessary. The research discovered that globalisation is not a good phenomenon in African continent owing to slow economic growth, trade disequilibrium and parallel development comparatively because of disadvantages in terms of export, volume of trade exchange and low level of technological development. The research recommends that there is an urgent need for the African countries to restrategise and reshape their economic and political interest at the global level through the creation of a competitive means of relevance at the global centre-stage of world economy and politics.
The mice of genus Mus are small-size mammals which belong to the family Muridae of the mammalian order Rodentia. Considerable efforts have been devoted to establish the phylogeny of the Mus genus. But it has been difficult to establish clear taxonomy of the Mus genus by traditional morphometric tools due to the existence of subtle morphological differences among different forms. Thus, 17 different systematics studies of Mus genus are in great conflict. Despite the fact that Pakistan encompasses an important part of range of many Mus species, mice populations in Pakistan have not been the subject of any genetic and biogeographic studies. So, there exist some serious ambiguities with respect to the occurrence of Mus spp. in Pakistan. Thus, present study was conducted to find out which species are actually present in the study area Pothwar. True taxonomic status was examined by using molecular markers of Cytochrome b and Mitochondrial control region. The genetic diversity depicted by Maximum likelihood phylogeny and Median joining network revealed three species i.e. Mus musculus, Mus terricolor and Mus cookii, three sub species of Mus musculus i.e. M. m. musculus, M. m. domesticus and M. m. castaneus and four sub lineages of M. m. castaneus. M. m. castaneus proved to be the most abundant and thus most important taxa identified from Pothwar region. M. m. castaneus population in Pothwar proved to be highly diverse on the basis of haplotype and nucleotide diversity indices. Neutrality tests were implemented to study the recent demographic history of each sub lineage. Tajima’s D test suggested recent population expansion in all lineages. The taxa identified by genetic analysis were subjected to morphometric analysis involving body and cranial measurements, description of pelage and characteristics of the molar teeth. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) of morphological, cranial and coat colour variables was executed to predict membership of each specimen to the respective species or lineage identified on the basis of molecular analysis. Resul ts of molecular and morphometric analysis were well concordant in the case of three Mus species as significant morphological segregation was evident at species level. While morphological segregation was not complete between sub-species of Mus musculus and among sub-lineages of M. m. castaneus as DFA showed 50- 70% morphological isolation between these sub-lineages identified by molocular 18 analyses. Chi-square test was applied to test the homogeneity of the distribution of Mus fauna. According to which no habitat wise segregation was evident for genetically identified Mus taxa. This study tried to provide validated information about the genetic identity of Mus fauna of Pothwar. As members of genus Mus are major agricultural pests, this study provides basic information about the distribution and species composition of Mus in Pakistan for developing effective and environment friendly management programs for inhibiting different Mus populations.