فیملی بزنس میں'' ابہام'' سے پیدا ہونے والے مسائل کا شرعی و تحقیقی جائزہ

ABSTRACTFamily Business is a very important form of business in this era and especially because of this it merely does not matter the business, but more sensitivity is of close relatives and relationships. That is why it has many administrative, Shariah and ethical complications. That is why, this theme has been created as a field of discussion and research. If the issues of Family Business are reviewed, their root is to leave the matters undefined, uncleared and undocumented. Then the solution to all these issues is to overcome their ‘Unclarity’ found in different aspects. To finish the matter, we should clear and correct for example ‘business status’ between father and sons, uncle and nephew or a few brothers. Similarly, in case of death of elders, the inheritance is to be determined. Then that all the matters should be written in a very brief manner and arranged. It is also possible to calculate the income and expenditure account. It is not appropriate that every partner should spend without any speculation. Then one time it becomes difficult to face each other. In this article, we have tried to review all the dimensions where there may be more problems due to ‘unclearity’ in mutual business dealings. In this context, the first business status of family members has been explained. Then mentioned the problems raised after the death of the family leader. Later on, more aspects of the problem are presented by presenting some other observation examples on this subject.

Simulating the Effect of Different Irrigation Regimes on Autumn-Sown Maize Using Csm-Ceres-Maize Model

Drought is a basic reason of low grain yield in many field crops including maize (Zea mays L.). Identifying growth stages of any promising cultivar for irrigation scheduling under local climate and soil fertility can maximize yield. Potential soil moisture deficit (PSMD) approach (a difference between potential evapotranspiration and rainfall plus irrigation) describes the response of canopy growth to water shortage. To examine the productivity of different autumn-sown maize hybrids under irrigation scheduling at different growth stages and PSMD levels, a field study was conducted with split plot arrangement at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (Pakistan) during 2009 and 2010. The treatments consisted of two maize hybrids (Monsanto-919 and Pioneer-30Y87) and seven irrigation levels: I 1 = no irrigation (control), I 2 = 4 irrigations, I 3 = 6 irrigations, I 4 = 8 irrigations, I 5 = 10 irrigations (1 st irrigation starting at 6 leaf stage, followed by subsequent irrigations at an interval of 4 leaf stages in all irrigation treatments and addition of two reproductive stages in I 3 , I 4 and I 5 successively), I 6 = irrigation at 25 mm PSMD and I 7 = irrigation at 50 mm PSMD. The results showed that Pioneer-30Y87 produced more plant height but the two hybrids did not differ significantly in other growth and yield parameters. Among all irrigation treatments, 6 and 8 irrigation treatments were statistically at par with treatments of 10 irrigations and irrigation at 25 mm PSMD in radiation use efficiency, water use efficiency, 500-grain weight, grain yield and TDM production. So more number of irrigations is not a criterion for getting maximum yield in all maize hybrids. PSMD can be used as a useful criterion for scheduling irrigation under irrigated conditions of Pakistan. CSM-CERES-Maize model was used to simulate the growth, development and yield of maize under different irrigation regimes. The correct definition of soil drained upper (SLL) and lower limits (SDUL) played vital role in simulation by the model during dry season of 2009 and wet season of 2010. During model calibration, simulated total dry matter, maturity yield and maximum LAI were within 10 % of the observed values. During model evaluation, there was generally satisfactory agreement between all observed and simulated values of the two hybrids. Mean-Gini Dominance (MGD) analysis confirmed the observed information through 30 years climate data analysis that I 3 and I 4 were the best irrigation levels. So CSM- CERES-Maize can be used to simulate maize growth and yield at different irrigation regimes under semi-arid conditions of Pakistan.