چودھری محمد علی صاحب ردولوی
افسوس ہے کہ ہماری قدیم تہذیب کی یادگاریں ایک ایک کر کے اٹھتی جاتی ہیں اور پرانی محفل اجڑتی جاتی ہے، ان ہی یادگاروں میں ایک چودھری محمد علی صاحب مرحوم ردولوی بھی تھے، وہ امراؤ شرفائے اودھ کی تہذیب کا نمونہ تھے، ان کی شخصیت بڑی دلکش و دلپزیر تھی، بڑے خوش مذاق، زندہ دل، بذلہ سنج حاضر جواب اور علم مجلسی کے بڑے ماہر تھے، ان کی ہر چیز میں خوبی و لطافت اور زبان وقلم دونوں میں بڑے دلکشی تھی، تحریر میں صاحب طرز ادیب اور خوش گفتاری میں ہزار داستان تھے، جس محفل میں بیٹھتے تھے اپنی خوش بیانی سے چھاجاتے تھے، ان کی تحریر میں سادگی کے ساتھ بڑی تازگی اور بے ساختگی تھی، اس طرز میں وہ منفرد تھے، اہل زبان حضرات میں بھی اس طرز میں لکھنے والا کوئی نہ تھا، مگر ان کی تحریر اور گفتگو دونوں میں اودھ کا پرانا بے فکری کا تفریحی مذاق غالب تھا اس لیے تحریر کا دائرہ ادب و افسانے تک محدود تھا، اور اسی میں ان کا طرز تحریر کھلتا بھی تھا سنجیدہ علمی و ادبی مباحث سے ان کو زیادہ دلچسپی نہ تھی، اگر کبھی بھولے سے اس کوچہ میں نکل آتے تھے تو اس میں بھی تفریحی رنگ پیدا ہوجاتا تھا، یہی حال ان کی گفتگو کا تھا، ان کی سنجیدہ گفتگو بھی لطائف و ظرائف سے خالی نہ ہوتی تھی۔
ان کی عمر اسی (۸۰) کے قریب تھی مگر ان کی طبیعت سدا بہار تھی، اسلئے اس زمانہ میں بھی نہ وہ کسی سوسائٹی کے لیے اجنبی ہوئے تھے اور نہ کوئی سوسائٹی ان کے لیے اجنبی تھی، ہر عمر ہر مذاق اور ہر طبقہ کے لوگوں سے ان کے یکساں تعلقات تھے، اور جس مجمع میں بیٹھتے اس میں گھل مل کر...
It goes without saying that peace has been a hot issue in the past; it is, still, a vital topic of discussion today, and it seems to continue to draw the attention of people in the future. We witness wars and destructions in several parts of the world. This has led to killings of millions of people, left innumerable number of families broken and displaced millions of people. We need to address it earnestly. The author of this dissertation has specified this topic with reference to the Holy Qur’ān, because being the book of Allāh Almighty, it means to us as the final constitution, the ultimate torchlight for our guidance, and a great blessing to the whole world. Peace means to be free from the calamities in this world and in the hereafter. Usually, peace is used to imply an opposition to war and violence between the nations. Peace is a virtue and it means absence of evil, and, therefore, it is always praiseworthy. The author of this paper deals with this topic by dividing it into six sections. These are, ‘The Peace’ as one of the divine names of Allāh Almighty; Peace equals good; Peace is praiseworthy; Peace in the sense of conciliation and security; Peace in the sense of customary Islamic salutation; and Refutation of the objection that Islām was spread by sword.
Present study was designed to isolate and characterize the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) metabolizing bacteria from tannery effluents and petrol contaminated soil samples collected from gasoline stations of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. For the isolation of individual bacteria capable of metabolizing different POPs methods of selective enrichment culture and serial dilution were employed. Followed by isolation, growth behavior, corresponding POPs removal efficiencies, biochemical characteristics and antibiotics resistance profiles were documented. For molecular analysis, 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced. Retrieved sequences were analyzed through BLAST analysis and to reflect relationship phylogenetic trees were constructed using software MEGA version 7. To detect the possible metabolic pathways responsible for POPs degradation, the isolates with high removal efficiencies were selected. Extracellular and intracellular metabolites of the selected bacteria were extracted and subjected to GC-MS and LC-MS analysis. Effect of selected carbon source on proteins production of bacteria was elucidated through LC-MS analysis of the intracellular proteins extracted from various bacterial isolates. The 16S rRNA metagenome sequencing was performed in order to confirm the POPs metabolizing potential of isolated bacteria among the bacterial community of tannery effluent and petrol contaminated soil. Shotgun metagenome sequencing helped to determine the possible genes and pathways associated with POPs degradation. Total forty-one bacteria were isolated during present study of which twenty-eight were toluene metabolizing, four were naphthalene metabolizing and nine were petrol metabolizing bacteria. The top BLAST similarity analysis revealed similarity of isolates with Brevibacillus agri strain NBRC 15538 (n = 27), Bacillus paralicheniformis strain KJ-16 (n = 4), Burkholderia lata strain 383 (n = 6), Burkholderia pyrrocinia strain LMG 14191 (n = 1) and Brevibacillus formosus strain NBRC 15716 (n = 3). All isolates were found sensitive to teicoplanin and linezolid and resistant to oxacillin and chloramphenicol. However, two bacteria, IUBT9 and IUBT26, exhibited sensitivity to oxacillin. Present study bacteria were examined to have considerable toluene removal potential (28-93%), naphthalene removal potential (70-83%) and petrol removal potential (41-69.5%). Biochemical characterization revealed presence of many valuable enzymes like arginine dehydrolase, naphthylamidase, glucosaminidase and phosphatase and ability of isolates to ferment variety of sugars like esculin, mannitol, sorbitol and inulin. GC-MS and LC-MS based analysis of bacterial metabolites confirmed degradation potential of the isolated bacteria to metabolize toluene, naphthalene and petrol through not only the earlier reported metabolic pathways but also some novel metabolic pathways which have not been reported so far. LC-MS analysis of bacterial proteins revealed the presence of enzymes involved in the degradation of toluene, synthesis of secondary metabolites, central dogma of gene expression, chemotaxis, spore development, transport of ions and central carbon metabolism further confirming the utilization of the provided carbon sources (toluene, naphthalene, petrol) by present study bacteria.