حالت امن کے قواعد کلیہ: فقہائے کرام کی آراء کی روشنی میں

The value of Shari’ah Maxims is realized all over the world. These maxims keep a superlative significance over all legal maxims as their sources are based on Qur’ān and Sunnah that is the real source of islamic law. Shari’ah Maxims such a important subject of islamic law that simplifies the interpretation of shari’ah. If the Shari’ah Maxims are inculcated and conceived properly then there is no need to burn midnight oil in learning the large number of sub-titles of Shari’ah. The fiqh defines the Shari’ah Maxims as the principles organized. This article explores the Four important Shari’ah Maxims relating to peace  and ethics of a muslim state towards its non-muslim residants. It includes the meanings, arguments and real life examples about these maxims. These maxims are: (الذمی من اھل دارنا کالمسلم)Zimmies are considered equalent to the muslims of state.(الامر بیننا وبین الکفار مبنی علی المجازاۃ)The relations between muslims and non-muslims countries are based on equality.(ان حرمۃ قتل المستامن من حق اللہ تعالی)Those who have the entry into the muslim state with permit and peaceful intention, must be protected and neither be killed nor be harmed.(عبارۃ الرسول کعبارۃ المرسل)Any ambassador of the state will be considered the real representative of the sender who can completely deal all the things on behalf of his sender. Today it’s the dire need of the time to implement these Shari’ah Maxims generaly for the humanity and especially for Muslims Countries to solve the critical issues, because today the world needs peace the most as it was needed never before.

The Prevalence of Malaria and Assessment of the Uptake of Malaria Prevention Measures in Blood Donors in Two Regional Blood Transfusion Centres in Kenya

Transfusion transmitted malaria is one of the most common transfusion transmissible infections and is a threat to blood safety and malaria control in Sub-Saharan African countries where malaria is endemic. The majority of healthy adults living in malaria endemic areas have some degree of immunity to the disease and an asymptomatic low-level parasitaemia is known to exist in a subset of this population. Blood donors recruited from the population are screened using a donor-selection criteria that includes age, weight, self-declared well-being and measurement of vital signs but not history of recent malaria infection or treatment. The Kenya National Blood Transfusion Services does not currently screen donated blood for malaria, opting instead for prophylactic anti-malarial use. This policy is inconsistent with the current WHO guidelines for the prevention of transfusion transmitted malaria, and the national policy guiding malaria treatment which states that antimalarial use is reserved for laboratory confirmed cases. A cross-sectional survey was conducted at two regional blood transfusion centres of differential malarial endemicity to determine the prevalence of malaria in blood donors. Of the 1,100 donors who participated in this study, five donors tested positive for malaria antigen, 3 from the Mombasa RBTC and 2 from the Nairobi RBTC giving an overall prevalence of 0.5% malaria antigen positivity. Only one peripheral blood film examined was positive for malaria yielding a total prevalence of 0.1% slide positivity. The prevalence of malaria in blood donors does not justify the routine use of prophylactic anti-malarias with each transfusion and a blood donor malaria screening algorithm as an alternative to malaria prophylaxis in the prevention of transfusion transmitted malaria should be developed and implemented.