مولوی حسین حسان ندوی
راقم کے لیے تیسرا حادثہ طالب علمی کے زمانہ کے رفیق مولوی حسین حسان صاحب ندوی اڈیٹر پیام تعلیم کی وفات کا ہے، مرحوم درجہ میں مجھ سے دو تین سال نیچے اور غالباً عمر میں بھی اسی قدر چھوٹے تھے، لیکن ہم دونوں عرصہ تک ایک ہی کمرے میں رہے تھے، اس لئے ان سے دوستانہ تعلقات تھے جو آخر تک قائم رہے، اسی زمانہ سے ان میں مضمون نگاری کا ذوق تھا، چنانچہ عشاق عرب کے عنوان سے ایک طویل مضمون لکھا تھا۔ جو زمانہ کانپور کے کئی نمبروں میں چھپا تھا، ندوہ سے فراغت کے بعد جامعہ ملیہ چلے گئے اور وہاں تعلیم کے ساتھ مختلف اوقات میں جامعہ کے مختلف شعبوں سے ان کا تعلق رہا، بچوں کا ادب لکھنے میں ان کو خاص ملکہ تھا اس کے وہ صاحب طرز ادیب تھے، برسوں بچوں کے رسالہ پیام تعلیم کے اڈیٹر رہے اور اس کو ان کا بڑا مقبول رسالہ بنادیا، پیام تعلیم کے مضامین کے علاوہ انھوں نے بچوں کے ذوق کی بہت سی کتابیں لکھیں اور بچکانہ ادب کا بڑا ذخیرہ فراہم کردیا، ان سے تعلقات کا سلسلہ برابر قائم رہا، کبھی کبھی ملاقات بھی ہوجاتی تھی، گزشتہ دسمبر میں دلی میں ملاقات ہوئی تھی، کیا معلوم تھا کہ یہ آخری ملاقات ہے، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، اگست ۱۹۷۴ء)
Benazir Bhutto happened to be the first constitutionally chosen female leader of any Muslim country in Modern times. She ascended to office amid the legacy of General Zia-ul-Haq’s regime and civil-military bureaucracy that prompted diverse deterrence for her governments and abstained her from the application of her constitutional power. The essence of challenges was mostly political, but the grounds that created these abysses were political and gender partiality. Based on the above discourse, this article attempts to underline the torments confronted by Benazir being the new chapter in our political society. This is the empirical account of Benazir’s twin governments grounded on the views of important politicians who sight and accompanied her in her journey of power. To ponder the reasons that refrained Benazir from having true legal authority the study is divided into the following parts: (1) Challenge and response encountered by Benazir in the first tenure of her Prime Ministership (1988-90), (2) Challenge and response encountered by Benazir in the second tenure of her Prime Ministership (1993-1996). The PPP government had made some new political strides in general, but it was persistently controlled by the army. In the first government, the brass leadership and opposition and in later government civil-military bureaucracy and opposition impaired the democratic traditions. However, amid all this Benazir succeeded to do some pragmatic politics and defying the anti-PPP mindset.
Potential of Takāful in Pakistan: Operational and Transformational Paradigm Takāful is an Islamic way of doing insurance. It proved its viability after several Fatwās were issued by Ulama and Fiqh academies in its favour. Presently, over 100 Takāful and Re-takāful companies as well as Takāful windows under conventional insurance are operating across the world. Enhanced financial performance of selected Takāful companies has shown the growing interest in Takāful business across the world. Insurance comparison in Muslim and advanced countries as well as in the South Asian region has identified low literacy, low GDP per capita and low GDI value as the probable causes of low insurance penetration in Pakistan. Geographical spread of Takāful business and estimated future potential together with the increasing trend of insurance business indicated that potential for Takāful business exists in the country. It urges the policy makers to pay attention to global indicators that might become potential contributors to Takāful business. The study emphasizes that strengthened regulatory standards, with Sharī''ah compliance mechanism playing a central role, are essential to transform conventional insurance system and exploit the existing business potential. To further analyze which of the Takāful standards are significantly affecting Takāful practices, a survey of Takāful operators in the country indicated that reporting standards and internal controls have low level of observance in Pakistan. The survey of 150 life insurance customers revealed that majority of the respondents is unaware of Takāful concept. Level of Takāful awareness was found to be significantly associated with the education of the customers, their perceptions about Takāful and their intentions to shift to Takāful Company. Education was found to be the single important factor affecting monthly income of the respondents, their state of mind and hence their awareness about Takāful. The study identifies effective regulatory framework a critical factor for the success of Takāful business in Pakistan. A greater focus on promotion of Takāful and governance issues along with strengthened role of SECP as a regulatory authority is likely to contribute for further growth of Takāful industry in Pakistan.