تبصرے
"گونجتی سر گوشیاں"کی گونج
نعمان نذیر
دور حاضر میں تانیثی تھیوری،تانیثی تنقید غالب مو ضوعات میں سے ہے۔ جس کی بنیاد زیادہ تر ایک رواج عام کی سی بن گئی ہے ۔بہت غیر متعلقہ موضوعات اور بحثوں کو تانیثیت کے ساتھ جوڑا جارہا ہے۔ یہ تو رہی صورتحال تنقید کی۔اب تخلیق کی بات کی جائے تو یہ بات بھی قابل غور ہے کہ ہمارے ہاں اس ضمن میں تخلیقات کی صورتحال کیا ہے؟ خوین قلم کار اپنے آپ کو مردوں کے قائم کردہ ڈسکورس سے باہر نکالنے میں کامیاب ہوئی ہیں؟اور اس کا جواب ہاں میں ہے تو اس سے بھی اہم سوال یہ ہے کہ اس بندش کو توڑنے کی نوعیت کیا ہے؟کیا وہ محض ضد کا رویہ رکھے ہوئے ہیں اور عورت کا بیان ایسی صورتحال میں کر رہی ہیں جو عورت کے استحصال پہ ختم ہو ساتھ ہو ہو یا واقعی اپنی ذات یا ہم جنسوں کے جذبات کی عکاسی کرتی دکھائی دیتی ہیں۔محض عورت کے ساتھ ہونے والے استحصال کے بیان کا نام ہی تانیثی شعور نہیں،کہ اس کی مظلو میت کی داستانیں رقم کر کے ہمدردی کے وقتی جذ بات وصول کر ے بلکہ اس کردار کو ایک مکمل کردار گروپ میں بھی دکھانا چاہیے کہ ان کو پڑھ کہ روایتی لا چارگی کے بجائے ہمت کی مثال بھی قائم ہو۔
اردو افسانے کا شمار اردو کی اہم اصناف میں ہوتا ہے دور حاضر میں اس کی اہمیت اور بھی بڑھ گئی ہے۔جہاں انسان کے پاس خود کے لئے بھی وقت نہیں ہے۔خواتین قلم کاروں نے بھی اس میں اہم اضا فے کیے ہیں۔ اسی تناظر میں اپنی نوعیت کی ایک منفرد تحریر ''گونجتی سرگوشیاں'' کے نام سے منظر عام پر آئی۔ اس کتاب میں سات...
E-commerce is one way among many that people buy and sell things in retail. Some companies sell products online only, but for many, e-commerce is a distribution channel that’s part of a broader strategy that includes physical stores and other revenue streams. Either way, e-commerce allows startups, small businesses, and large companies to sell their products at scale and reach customers worldwide. The growing scenario of E-commerce shapes a new dynamism in Business and offers no time-bound, cost-efficient, and hassle-free buy and sell. Following changing approach, security management in e-commerce (cyber security) is now the focus. People in Bangladesh are mostly unaware of the risks of using computing and digital devices and online platforms. This article articulated the risk factors associated with the growing reliance on digital technologies and devices. Then, some policy guidelines are prescribed for the national level and individual level, including leading social campaigns, new chapters in the school curriculum, advancing technological aptitudes of law enforcers, strengthening security systems in e-commerce, embanking sites, bringing frauds to justice, initiating law to define cybercrimes, fortifying institutional management of cyber securities
It is an established fact that genetic disorders are one of the most important threats to human health. Several genetic disorders have been described clinically but their etiology is still unidentified and mysterious. The molecular basis for most of them is also unknown. With the advancement in the field of molecular biology different powerful techniques have been developed to understand the molecular basis of hereditary disorders. This would help in the subsequent identification of causative genes and mutations. Blindness and visual impairment due to genetic disorders are more common in developing countries like Pakistan than in developed countries. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a major form of incurable blindness affecting one out of 4000 people worldwide. This highly heterogeneous disease has numerous inheritance patterns with the end result of partial to complete irreversible blindness. Another ocular disorder called fundus albipunctatus (FAP) also has some symptoms similar to RP like night blindness. In FAP this night blindness occurs in childhood but it remains stationary and day vision is not affected as in the case of RP where constriction of day vision occurs gradually. The present study was aimed to analyze families with ocular disorder. Families with autosomal recessive hereditary retinitis pigmentosa were used for mapping the disease genes and mutations. Seven consanguineous unrelated families (RP8, RP9, RP11, RP12, RP13, RP14 and RP16) with inherited RP were ascertained from different regions of Pakistan. The mode of inheritance in all families was inferred as autosomal recessive. The strategy used for this study was candidate gene approach. Linkage analysis was performed by PCR using STR (short tandem repeats) microsatellite markers for the known loci/genes. Direct sequencing (next generation sequencing) of the PCR products was carried out for identification of pathogenic mutations. In the present study linkage to crumbs homolog 1 (CRB1) gene on chromosome 1q31.3 was confirmed in family RP12. A novel missense mutation in human CRB1 gene has been found after sequence analysis of exon 6 of the CRB1 gene at nucleotide position xx 1459 (c.1459T>C). At protein level this mutation resulted in a substitution of proline for serine at amino acid 487 (p.Ser487Pro). It was inferred that mutation in this gene is strong enough to cause autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. After the initial screening of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa loci for family RP13, it was evident that there was no involvement of retinitis pigmentosal loci in the disease phenotype and it was a rare case of fundus albipunctatus, with RDH5 gene defect as the underlying cause. The family RP13 showed linkage to retinol dehydrogenase 5 (11-cis/9-cis) RDH5 gene after homozygosity mapping. A novel missense mutation at nucleotide position 602 (c.602 C>T) was identified after next generation sequencing of exon 4 of the RDH5 gene .This mutation resulted in substitution of phenylealanine for serine at amino acid 201 (p.Ser201Phe) of the RDH5 gene. The mutations in RDH5 gene are related to fundus albipunctatus (FAP). This is an exceptional form of stationary night blindness, it was deduced that mutation in this gene was responsible for autosomal recessive FAP in this family. The family RP14 showed exclusion to all the known genes and loci of RP. It was inferred that a novel locus/gene is responsible for causing RP in this family. The strongest candidate gene was RY2R which was earlier involved in cardiac disorder. Fine mapping in future would confirm the involvement of this gene in RP. Four families (RP8, RP9, RP11 and RP16) with some of the common selected loci/gene showed heterozygosity for the different combinations of the parental alleles in both affected and normal individuals after the linitial linkage. This heterozygosity confirmed exclusion to five selected known loci or genes on different chromosomes associated with autosomal recessive RP. Since many genes and loci are involved in this disease and genotyping using vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is a time taking and laborious method so commonly found genes in RP were initially selected which showed exclusion.On the basis of these exclusions it was inferred that a novel locus/gene or mutation is involved in these families which could be identified by SNP affymetrix array technique and sequencing. Many loci/genes/mutations are yet to be identified for this phenotype. It would be helpful in future to understand the disease prognosis. This research will also provide a smooth way for carrier screening, genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis. This study may help gaining insight into the genetic causes underlying these disorders, to improve the clinical management and prevention.