قرآن کریم میں مذکورہ انبیا ء کرام کے واقعات سراغ رسانی

Intelligence system is considered to be one of the important tools used by military and civil secret agencies to defend and strengthen a nation. Intelligence system is thought to be one of the oldest studies of known history. Intelligence system consists of correct and accurate information, gathered after great struggle and facing difficulties. This department is related to both peace and war. Intelligence is a basis of formulating all military strategies and plans. The importance of Intelligence system both in day to day life and as a nation cannot be overemphasized. This article narrates the history of espionage, which is as old as the history of mankind itself. Five thousand years ago, the Egyptians has a well-organized secret service. In the ancient western country, it was called as; hakim’, in Spain (Undles) as ‘Sahib al Madina’, in Tunis as ‘Ray’ and in Iran the as “Areef”. Nowadays it is known as ‘Muqadama-Tul-Haaraat’, Salaf-Us-Saliheen calls its “Shurtaa” and some calls it as ‘Sahib al-us-us’ as they use to move throughout the night to look for anti-state elements. The first ever victim of intelligence warfare was Hazrat Adam (A) where Satan revolt against him. Similarly, the incident of Hazrat Yousaf (A) is the indication of old age practice of espionage. Due to jealousy, his brothers sold him as slave and told their father that he has been eaten alive by a wolf. Hazrat Musa (A) had his network of espionage. Even birds had been used for spying, like in the case of Hazrat Suleman (A) where he was informed by the hopp bird about the Queen of Saba. The study of the Bible reveals that instead of Hazrat Eessa (A), Yehuda Skruti was crucified but still nobody knows for sure that whether he was a true follower of the Jesus or was an implanted agent of the Romans Intelligence Agency. Anyhow, Bible declared him as a Roman spy. The ongoing tribal wars in ancient Arabs further emphasized this activity. The rest of the world had already well developed intelligence system. But in Arab, it was in its development phase and it was the Holy Prophet (PBUH) who got it from his ancestors and developed it. In addition to the intelligence systems of the early prophets, the relevant events in the realm of Nijashi of Habsha and Alexander the Great, have been narrated in this article.

On-Site Waste Management and Industrial Symbiosis of Hayatabad Industrial Estate, Peshawar, Pakistan

Hayatabad Industrial Estate was established in 1963 with the objective to provide job opportunities and promote economic development. With the passage of time there was increase in industrial units with the increase in environmental impacts. The present study was conducted in Hayatabad Industrial estate during 2014-2017 with an attempt to study the Hayatabad industrial estate for industrial waste minimization through Industrial symbiosis and find out ways and means for mitigating its environmental impacts. For this purpose, the study was designed in three steps. First, the Sarhad Development Authority officials were interviewed to know about the operational and closed industrial units. Second, questionnaire survey was designed for the operational industries. In third step, wood based industries were identified and surveyed for waste minimization and industrial symbiosis. The record of Sarhad Development Authority (SDA) revealed that there are 372 industries out this 242 were functional. The interview and preliminary survey revealed that the industrial estate consists of two types of industries i-e small and large. Number of small industries were 126 out of which 22 (17%) were closed. While number of large industries were 246, out of this 36 (15%) industries were closed. The decrease in functional industries is attributed to various factors. Among these security threat, lack on incentives, energy crisis. Solid waste generation rate for the operational industries was 125,481 kg/day. Only 26% of the generated waste is re-used and 33% is re-cycled. A big percentage of 41% is discarded as waste. Fifty percent of the discarded waste is collected and disposed off properly. The disposed off waste was characterized. The solid waste consisted of wood (27%), paper (20%), glass/ceramics (16%), metals (16%), plastics (11%), rubber (6%), and sand/stones (5%). The characteristics of industrial effluents showed high level of contamination. Maximum contamination was observed in paper mill effluents. Most of the parameters such as Total Suspended Solids (823.4-836 mg/L), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (263-275 mg/L) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (526-550 mg/L) were above the level defined in Pak-NEQS. Simple treatment test was carried out for this industry revealed that a two-step sedimentation i-e gravitational settling and coagulation can remove TSS by 84%, BOD5 by 89% and COD by 86%. The recovered settled suspended load can be used as input in mold industry. It was observed that there was no proper routine system for handling/treatment of industrial discharges. Wood-based industries, selected for industrial symbiosis include match, chip-board, mold and paper. Their respective solid waste generation rates were 45-50 tons, 30-35 tons, 1.5-2 tons and 2-3 tons/day, respectively. This waste is inter-changeable but wood-waste is generally sold to outside and used as a fuel. If the wood-waste of match industry is used as an input in chip-board and paper industries, demand for fresh wood will be decreased by 10% and 90% in chip-board and paper industries, respectively. By using waste-wood of match industry as inputs in paper mill and chip-board industry, the energy of these industries decrease by 10% and 20% respectively. Due to lacking of industrial symbiosis, there is not only wastage of resource but contributes the pollution level also. It is therefore required to seek ways and means for efficient industrial symbiosis. For this purpose the SDA is required to divide the industrial estate into zones and place similar industry near to each other. In this way they may be able to exchange waste and raw materials. Keywords: industrial waste, coagulation, pollution control, waste recovery, re-use, re-cycling, waste exchange, waste management.