حضرت امام ابو حنیفہ کے علمی اسفار

Born to a Muslim family in Kufa, Abu Hanifah (RH) is known to have travelled to the Hejaz region of Arabia in his youth, where he studied under the most renowned teachers of Makkah and Medina. Due to his wisdom and knowledge, he is also considered a renowned Islamic scholar. A question arises that why he has a distinguished name in Islamic history. Firstly, he travelled a lot for the sake of knowledge. He started to travel since 94 A.H but from 104 A.H, he had a consistent travelling to quench his thirst for knowledge. Secondly, he did hi level best to spread this knowledge to others. Even he had devoted his complete life for the sake of it. Amongst Imam Abu Hanifah's teachers was Hammad ibn Sulayman, he joined his circle at the age of 22, having already become a well-known debater and studied with this great teacher until the latter's death, where upon he took over his ‘’majlis’’ (circle) at the age of forty. Many well-known scholars admire and praise Imam Abu Hanifah’s services like Imam as-Shafi (RH) is recorded to have stated: "All men of fiqh are Abu Hanifah's children, " ".I would not have acquired anything of knowledge had it not been for my teacher”.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling and Simulation of Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactors for Liquid-Liquid Extraction

Dispersion-free membrane-based Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) is an emerging technique to recover a variety of solutes from aqueous streams. The process employs a Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactor (HFMC) that accomplishes the mass transfer between feed and solvent without any dispersion. Compactness of the unit, known and higher interfacial area, less solvent loss and independent control of operating flowrates are benefits of the process that make it attractive for researchers. Fluid dynamics and mass transport modeling of HFMC for dispersion free LLE process has been given the most attention in recent years. In the current study, numerical model has been developed to explore the dispersion free LLE processes. Extraction of copper (II) and aroma compounds from aqueous streams was taken as case study for the validation of the model.Copper (II) was extracted with trifluoro-acetylacetone (TFA) in commercially available HFMCs’ modules from LiquiCelTM (USA). A 2D model was developed for convection-diffusion mass and momentum transfer using continuity and Navier-Stokes equations. The model was simulated with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique to study copper (II) extraction. The MatlabTM and COMSOL MultuphysicsTMsoftwares were used as simulation tools. The codes developed in MatlabTM were coupled with COMSOL MultiphysicsTM for recycled based dynamic system. Model was validated with experimental data and simulation was run to check effects of hydrodynamics conditions on contactor performance. Simulations were performed under various operating parameters and membrane geometrical characteristics in order to determine solute extraction efficiency, distribution profiles of copper (II) concentration, flux and velocity in 2-D. CFD model was then extended to investigate the extraction of four aroma compounds. These compounds have been recovered from aqueous solutions with hexane as an organic solvent in HFMC. Another model, which is based on resistance-in-series approach was also applied to study the extraction of copper (II). After validation with experimental results from the literature, the model was run to investigate the distribution of copper (II) at interface, transmembrane flux and height of transfer unit (HTU). The study revealed that an integrated mathematical model and numerical simulations can be effectively applied for the optimum design of membrane-based extraction processes.