اقبال کی حب الوطنی کے چرچے ہندوستان میں ہر زبان پر ہیں۔ ہندوستانی فکر و نظر اور ہندوستانی تہذیب و تمدن کے فکرو فلسفہ کی ترویج کی جاتی ہے۔ اقبال کے استعاروں اور علامتوں کو ہندی اساطیرکی تشبیہ کہہ کر پیش کیا جاتاہے۔ اس حوالہ سے ہم یہ کہہ سکتے ہیں کہ اقبال ایک رجحان ساز شخصیت تھے۔عصر حاضر میں فکر اقبال کے مختلف پہلوؤں اور زاویوں کا کھوج لگا کر بھارت میں اقبال شناسی کی روایت کو پروان چڑھایا جارہا ہے۔ ہندوستان میں اقبال شناسی کی روایت کے تحت اقبال کے سوانحی پہلوؤں کے مختلف گوشوں پر روشنی ڈالی گئی ہے اوربہ طور خا ص اقبال کی وطن دوستی کو موضوع بنایا ہے۔جب کہ بہ طور شاعر اختلافی اور مخالفانہ تنقید کی گئی۔ اشتراکیت پسندی کا پہلو اجاگر کیا گیا۔ اس طرح اقبال شناسی پروان چڑھی۔ اقبالیات کا موضوع و سعت اختیار کر گیا۔ تعلیمی اداروں میں باقاعدہ مضمون کی شکل میں اقبالیات پڑھا یا جانے لگا۔ پاکستان اور ہندوستان میں دیکھتے ہی دیکھتے اس موضوع میں تحقیق،تدوین اور ترتیب کی اصطلاحات کا معیار بھی جانچا جانے لگا۔
ان حالات میں اقبالیات اور اقبال شناسی کے مثبت اور منفی رویے بھی سامنے آگئے۔ قیام پاکستان کے بعد کچھ لوگوں نے اقبال کو صرف شاعری تک محدود کر دیا اور کچھ نے صرف پاکستان کا شاعر کہہ دیا۔ بھارت میں جب اسلامی ریاست کے لیے کوشش کی گئی تو اس دور میں اسلامی مملکت کے لیے سیاسی جدوجہد بھی کی گئی۔ مسلمانوں کے لیے یہ تحریک آزادی تھی مگر ہندوستان کے لوگ اس تحریک کو قومیت کے تناظر میں دیکھتے تھے۔ اس طرح بھارتی قوم پرستوں کی جانب سے اقبال کو شدید مخالفت کا سامنا کرنا پڑا۔ اس مخالفت میں مسلمان بھی شامل تھے۔ بھارتی قومیت پرست اپنے خیال میں اقبال کو متعصب سیاست دان سمجھتے تھے...
Whenever any issue regarding the religious matters was put up in the presence of the Holy Prophet (SAW), he himself explained that logically. The companions of the Holy Prophet (SAW) also sought his consent in such matters. However, there were some differences among the Companions (Saḥabas) regarding some of diligently-conceived views. Later on, such differences were multiplied and caused sectarian issues. In consequence of diligently-conceived opinions and efforts to address the issues of the Holy Qu’rān and Sunnah, four distinct sects emerged. Moreover, such differences took a different form in the later years which further led to the heinous act of “Takfeer”. Currently, the mutual enmity is at a great premium especially in Pakistan. This article will introduce and analyze the selected books, trying to indicate strengths and weakness of the subject matter discussed in books, in addition to examine the methodologies used in.
Due to the rapid development of multimedia and communications technologies, issues related to data vulnerability and copyrights violation has increased. Digital content can be manipulated and reproduced effortlessly. Consequently, there is a considerable requirement for techniques aimed at content protection and authentication. Watermarking techniques can provide copyrights enforcement and authentication to prevent the illegitimate use of digital content. These techniques can be classified into two categories i.e. robust watermarking and reversible watermarking. In this thesis, research work is carried out in three phases. The first phase proposes a robust watermarking technique, which is resilient against the geometrical attacks. It is helpful in executing copyright protection. In robust watermarking, watermark is able to survive in case of attack on the digital content and can be successfully retrieved on extraction. The proposed technique exploits both the robust image feature points and local Zernike moments for embedding secret information. Delaunay tessellation is employed to divide an image into distinct triangular segments based on robust features identified using Harris detector. Zernike moments are calculated for each selected triangular segment, and then the watermark is embedded in the magnitude of Zernike moments using dither modulation. In the second phase, a reversible watermarking technique is proposed. Reversible watermarking is a special type of watermarking technique in which watermark is extracted along with restoration of the host media. Whereas, in case of robust watermarking, we are not able to retrieve the original image. Such watermarking system finds its application in medical and law enforcement, etc. The proposed watermarking scheme is based on pixel value ordering. Image is divided into sub blocks and each block is assessed using a threshold value. If the block belongs to the smooth category, watermark bit is embedded. In contrast, if it is classified as rough block, then the sub block is left unchanged. This technique does not require a location map since it uses histogram shifting. In third phase, the watermarking approaches and their applications for the protection DNA sequences are explored. In DNA watermarking, which is type of text xii watermarking; watermark information should be embedded in DNA sequence in such a way that it should not raise any functional disorders in the living organism. A watermark is embedded in a DNA sequence through synonymous substitution of nucleotides. The proposed approach ensures Amino Acid conservation, efficient utilization of the available embedding space in DNA sequences, and achieves mutation resistance by since it employs Reed-Solomon codes. The performance of these techniques has been evaluated on the standard test datasets. In some of the cases, the proposed watermarking approaches performed better than the recent existing approaches and showed comparable performance in other cases. The first technique finds its application in protecting the copyrights of the owner. The second watermarking technique can be used in applications where significant amount of data needs to be embedded e.g. information related to the patient in medical images. The third technique related to the DNA watermarking can be used for protection of DNA sequences and also to provide biological data storage as large amount of data can be stored.