فلسفہ حدود
شریعت مطہرہ نے وہ جرائم جو ہر قسم کے معاشرے میں ہوتے ہیں اور جن کی وجہ سے شریعت کے مقاصد خمسہ کوخطرہ لاحق ہے ۔ ان جرائم پر بڑی سخت سزا مقرر کی گئی ہے ، جیسا کہ انسانی جان کا تحفظ ، انسانی عزت وآبرو کا تحفظ ، دین کا تحفظ ، مال اور عقل کا تحفظ یعنی مقاصد خمسہ کی حفاظت یا معاشرتی اخلاقی اقدار کے بالکل پامال ہونے کا اندیشہ ہو ،اگرایسی صورت حال پیدا ہو جائے کہ ان مقاصد کے کلی طور پر ضائع ہونے کا خطرہ ہو یا اخلاقی اقدارکے بالکل خاتمے کا تصور تو شریعت انتہائی سخت مؤقف اختیار کرتی ہے اور ان بنیادی مقاصد کے تحفظ کے لیے سخت ترین اقدامات اٹھانے کے لیے تیار رہتی ہے ، البتہ ان اقدامات سے پہلے شریعت نے یہ کوشش کی ہے کہ پورے معاشرے میں ایک روحانی فضا، مثالی معاشرہ کا قیام اور فکر آخرت کا احساس ہو۔ ایک ایسی اخلاقی فضا قائم کی جائے جس میں ہر شخص اخلاقی اقدار کا پابند ہو ، معاشرتی آداب کی ہر شخص پابندی کرتا ہو ، اقتصادی طورپر لوگ ایک دوسرے کی ضروریات کے کفیل ہوں ، سیاسی اعتبار سے ایسا انتظام ہو جو نیکی کو فروغ دے اور برائی کو روکے ۔ لوگوں کا رویہ اور انداز ایساہو کہ اس میں اسلام کی روحانی اور اخلاقی اقدار کی کارفرمائی ہو، تاکہ لوگ آپس میں ایک دوسرے کے مددگار ہوں ۔ ایسے ماحول میں اول تو کوئی جرم سر زد ہی نہیں ہو گا اور اگر کوئی جرم سامنے آئے گا تو معاشرہ اس کو خود ہی روک دے گا ۔
اس کے باوجود بھی اگر کوئی براہ راست ایسا جرم کر دے جو شریعت کے کسی مقصد کو منہدم کرنے کے مترادف ہو تو پھر شریعت اپنے بنیادی مقاصد...
This research is about the effect of text meaning on the constitutional rule that related to the Islamic Sharia principles. The Islamic Sharia principles are the source of legislation in the Arab constitutions. It will also look in the impact of this constitutional rule on organizing the principle of equality among citizens in various fields; equality in front of the law and judicature, and equality in rights and freedoms. In particular, this research highlights how the impact of text on the constitutional rule affects on organizing the equality between Muslim and non-Muslim citizens, also between men and women of Muslim citizens. Thus, this research has been split into four topics that addressed respectively as follows: First, what is Islamic Sharia and Legislation in Islamic Fiqh (doctrine). Second, the semantics of multiple formulations of the Islamic Sharia principle as a source of legislation in the constitution. Third, the principle of equality in both, the Islamic Sharia and the positive law. Finally, the impact of the text on the Islamic Sharia principle of Arab constitutions in organizing the equality principle among citizens. The research concluded with set of results that can be summarized as follows: Every formula that has been used in the constitutional rule of the Islamic Sharia principle in the Arabic countries has a different semantics and results that lead to different obligations in the way of organizing the equality principle in the legislative bodies either in constitution's document or in ordinary laws. Also, the research concluded that the Islamic Sharia as a public principle doesn't conflict with the positive law in recognizing the equality principle among citizens in different fields, but the conflict is in the understanding and application of some fields of equality among citizens in different religions and genders. The researcher came with set of recommendations including clarifying wording of the text that related to the Islamic Sharia principle in the Arab constitution rules. These clarifications should prevent any other interpretations. In addition, the researcher suggested to adopt this formula: the original principles of Islamic Sharia is the main source of legislation. Also, formulations of equality principle among citizens in all its manifestations in the constitutions must be consistent with the original Islamic Sharia principle. Also, all the texts that related to the equality among citizens, and between men and women should included the sentence "with no conflict with the original Islamic Sharia principles".
Research was conducted on rice crop to see the impact of rice bug Leptocorisa oratorius on
yield, quality and crop value at adoptive research station Vehari, Punjab, Pakistan. The studies
showed that L. oratorius attacks on rice plant and produce unfilled grains. During research
process, the infestation level of rice bug was observed on four rice varieties, Basmati-385,
11
Basmati-386, Basmati-2000 and Super-Basmati to see the effect of rice bug on rice plant and
percentage of damaged rice plants were also observed. Results have shown that in potential
grain loss, maximum 420 grains were damaged at 6 levels in Basmati-2000 while minimum
were recorded 210 grains/30 days of intervals in Basmati-386. While the effect of bug on
grain yield produced was maximum and 37% unfilled grains with bug?s density and
maximum loss was occurred 11% at level 9 and maximum grains were present 475/m
at 0
levels. Similarly maximum 100 grains weights were found in Basmati-386. Grain % with
feeding sheath was recorded 85% in Basmati-385 and Basmati-2000 while 65% in
Basmati-386 and maximum 95% seed germination was found in Basmati-2000 at 0 levels and
minimum 31% at 9 levels. It was observed that L. oratorius nourished on rice plant and
formed empty and incompletely filled grains. At the same degree of invasion, Basmati-386
and Super-Basmati had greater harvest, less injured grain, and more growth amounts than
Basmati-2000, Basmati-385 in which rice bug were attacked more and these plants allowed
rice bug nourishment. Results have shown that rice bug L. oratorius attacks on rice plant and
nourished on fluid of stem and seed of rice. Rice bug mainly attacks at flowering and milky
stage of spikelets. It was observed that when rice bug attacks on rice plant, 21% of rice yield
reduced by rice bug L. oratorius in calculation to poor grain yield and low development
percentage