Pengaruh Faktor Individual dan Organisasional Terhadap Motivasi Kerja Karyawan PT. Bank Pembiayaan Rakyat Syariah (BPRS) Hasanah Pekanbaru

Individual  and faktor organisasi memberikan motivasi bagi karyawan agar kinerja karyawan meningkat dalam mencapai tujuan perusahaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh faktor individu dan faktor organisasi terhadap motivasi kerja karyawan PT. BPRS Berkah Dana Fadhlillah Kabupaten Kampar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan dengan lokasi penelitian di PT. BPRS Berkah Dana Fadhlillah Kabupaten Kampar dengan populasi 31 orang karyawan yang bekerja di PT. BPRS Hasanah Pekanbaru. Teknik pengambilan sampel adalah total sampling (sensus), dimana semua anggota populasi digunakan sebagai sampel. Metode pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi, angket dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah regresi linier berganda dengan menggunakan aplikasi IBM SPSS 25. Faktor individu dan faktor organisasi secara simultan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap motivasi PT. BPRS Hasanah Pekanbaru dengan nilai F hitung lebih besar dari F Tabel (19,769 > 4,195) dan nilai sig < 0,05 (0,000 < 0,05). Koefisien determinasi (R2) diperoleh nilai R Square sebesar 0,585 yang menunjukkan faktor individu dan faktor organisasi memberikan kontribusi terhadap motivasi sebesar 58,5%, sedangkan sisanya sebesar 41,5% diteliti dari variabel lain yang tidak diteliti. Faktor individu mempengaruhi motivasi. Semakin tinggi faktor individu seperti kompetensi yang dimiliki pegawai dan sesuai dengan tuntutan peran pekerjaan maka motivasi akan semakin meningkat. Selain itu, dukungan organisasi oleh instansi atau perusahaan berkualitas baik, sehingga semangat para pegawai tersebut tidak akan terhambat.

Analysis of Marked and Unmarked Choices of Code by Pakistani Bilingual Students

The present study focuses on the social and pragmatic motivations for codeswitching between Urdu-English in the language of Pakistani students in an educational setting. Using Markedness Model as the guiding theory, this research is an attempt to explore the impact of language environment and text types (referred to as discourse types in line with Hynd & Chase's [1991] study) on the verbal behaviour of Pakistani educated bilinguals. Students listened to three different texts — narrative, expository and instructional —in the form of audios in different languages —English, Urdu and Pakistani' —placed in order through Graeco Latin Square. The data is collected through directive interaction from a sample of 108 participants from public sector colleges in Islamabad. The participants' responses to questions on what they had heard in the audios were audio-taped and transcribed which provided data for the study. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used for data analysis. The findings for the qualitative content analysis demonstrate that despite limited proficiency in the second/foreign language as learners, the participants have a tendency to make marked choices of code to heighten their desire for higher social and economic status. The quantitative results reveal that participants are more sensitive to language environment regarding their use of English words (MS=16784.410, F (2,214) = 48.54, p< .001) and Urdu words (MS=47436.565, F (2,214) = 71.67, p< .001) as compared to discourse type, which showed no significant effect on the frequency of mixing codes. It also suggests that factors of gender, educational level and language background have some significance but in order to be polite in their responses, students attempt to accommodate their speech with the environment. The study implies that codeswitching in educational discourse is one of the major factors promoting bilingualism in the country. Implications for research on Pakistani's future status as a mixed code or a developing creole are given at the end. In the present study, Urdu-English codeswitched language has been called Pakistani which is different from Pakistani English.