اثر صہبائی
اثر صہبائی (۱۹۰۱۔۱۹۶۱ئ) کا اصل نام خواجہ عبد السمیع پال تھا۔ اثر ؔسیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ اثرؔ کے بزرگوں نے کشمیر سے ہجرت کی تھی اور سیالکوٹ میں آباد ہوئے تھے۔ آپ نے گورنمنٹ کالج لاہور سے ایم۔ اے فلسفہ اور ایل ایل بی کیا۔ ۱۹۳۱ء میں ان کی رفیقہ حیات ان سے جدا ہو گئیں تو افسردگی ‘ تاریکی اور مایوسی کے بادل ان کی زندگی پر چھا گئے۔ ۱۹۳۴ء میں آپ اس غم و اندوہ کی یورش سے گھبرا کر سری نگر کشمیر چلے گئے۔ کشمیر میں ان دنوں ادبی مجلسیں اور ادبی نشستیں ہو رہی تھیں جن میں ڈاکٹر عبد الحکیم‘ نواب جعفر خان اثر لکھنوی‘ ڈاکٹر تاثیر اور پنڈت برج موہن دتاتر یہ کیفی دہلوی جیسے شعراء و ادبا شرکت کرتے تھے۔ اثر ان ادبی محفلوں کے روح رواں ہوتے تھے۔ آپ نے کشمیر ہائی کورٹ میں قائد اعظم کے ساتھ جونیئر وکیل کی حیثیت سے بھی کام کیا۔ قائد اعظم نے مقدمہ جیتنے کے بعد صہبائی کی محنت کو سراہا۔ (۳۴۵)
اثرؔ صہبائی کی پہلی تصنیف ’’جامِ صہبائی‘‘ ہے۔ قطعات و رباعیات پر مشتمل یہ شعری مجموعہ ۱۹۲۸ء میں دارالتالیف بیڈن روڈ لاہور سے طبع ہوا۔
’’خمستان‘‘ اثر کا دوسرا مجموعہ کلام ہے جو غزلوں‘ نظموں‘ قطعات و رباعیات اور متفرق اشعار پر مشتمل ہے۔ اس کا پہلا ایڈیشن ۱۹۳۳ء میں آزاد بک ڈپو سیالکوٹ سے شائع ہوا۔ اثر ؔکا تیسرا شعری مجموعہ ’’جامِ طہور‘‘ ۱۹۳۷ء کو تاج کمپنی لمیٹڈ لاہور نے طبع کیا۔ اس مجموعے میں رباعیات اور قطعات ہیں۔ ’’راحت کدہ‘‘ اثر ؔکا چوتھا شعری مجموعہ ہے جو ۱۹۴۲ء میں تاج کمپنی لمیٹڈ لاہور کے زیر اہتمام طبع ہو کر شائع ہوا۔’’ راحت کدہ ‘‘حضرت اثر صہبائی کے اس کلام پر مشتمل ہے جو انہوں نے اپنی جواں مرگ رفیقہ حیات راحت کی موت سے متاثر ہو کر...
A will is a legal document that outlines how a person's assets will be distributed after their death. In some countries, the distribution of assets is regulated by law and not solely based on the wishes of the deceased. This is known as a mandatory will, which limits the amount that can be given to certain parties to no more than one-third of the total assets. Indonesia and Malaysia are countries that regulate the matter of mandatory wills. The purpose of this journal is to identify the similarities and differences in the provisions of mandatory wills in Indonesia and Malaysia, to determine the Islamic legal basis for mandatory wills, and to examine the development of mandatory wills in both countries.
In this dissertation three important aspects of laser-matter interaction for four selected metals i.e. Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Molybdenum (Mo) and Tungsten (W) are addressed. These aspects include: (1) Understanding of physical processes involved in laser ablation and surface structuring, (2) The role of two important laser induced plasma parameters i.e. electron temperature (Te) and electron number density (ne) for the growth of various surface structures and (3) Applications of these surface structures for enhancing the field emission properties of the selected metals.The laser induced surface structuring is performed by employing both nanosecond (ns) and femtosecond (fs) i.e. Nd:YAG (1064 nm, 10 ns , 10 Hz) and Ti: sapphire (800 nm, 30 fs , 1kHz) laser irradiation. The crater depth is investigated using optical microscope analysis. The surface morphology is explored by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis. For the estimation of plasma parameters Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis is employed. The field emission properties are explored by using the self-designed and fabricated set-up in a diode configuration under ultrahigh vacuum condition. The whole dissertation is divided into three parts.Part A deals with the laser induced surface structuring of metals and its correlation with the plasma parameters at various irradiances ranging from 6 GW/cm2 to 50 GW/cm2.The irradiation is carried out for three metals i.e. Zn , Mo and W with low, moderate and high melting points. SEM analysis of laser ablated Zn reveals the formation of microscale ripples, wave-like ridges with cones and cavities. For Mo, large sized grains along with cavities and conical interiors, dense ridges with droplets are seen. For W, the formation of grains with pronounced cracking and large sized cones are observed. The evaluated values of Te explored by LIBS analysis vary from 5973 K to 6240 K for Zn, 6526K to 9305 K for Mo and 7800 K to 16383 K for W. Similarly The values of ne vary from 1.35861×1018 cm-3 to 1.44331×1018 cm-3 for Zn, 0.58,878 × 1018 cm-3 to 0.72,067 × 1018 cm-3for Mo and 0.46,085 × 1018 cm-3 to 0.69,679 × 1018 cm-3 for W.It is found that surface structuring of selected metals strongly depend on the laser irradiance and plasma parameters. Part B and C of the dissertation are independent and deal with ns and fs laser induced surface structuring of selected metals for the enhancement of FE properties. The part B deals with the investigation of FE properties of the ns laser irradiated Cu and W metals at four laser irradiances ranging from 13 GW/cm2to 50 GW/cm2. SEM analysis revealed the formation of ridged protrusions, localized melt pools, cones and pores for Cu, whereas, cones, grains and mounds covered with porous structures are observed for W. The Fowler-Nordheim (FN) plots are found to be linear and confirm the quantum mechanical tunneling phenomena for the structured metals. The values of turn-on field, field enhancement factor and maximum current density rangefrom 5 V/ μm to 8.5 V/ μm , 1380 to 2730and 147 μ A / cm2 to 375 μ A / cm2 for Cu and 5 V/μm to 8.5 V/μm,1300to 3490 and 107 μA/cm2 to 350 μA/cm2 for W respectively. Part C deals with the investigation of FE properties of fs laser irradiated W carried out at six different irradiances ranging from 0.2 × 1014 W/cm2 to 6.9 × 1014 W/cm2. The SEM analysis revealed particulates, grains and nanoscale ripples formation. The values of turn on field, field enhancement factor and maximum current density range from 7 to 15 V/μm, 460 to 6120 and 134 μA/cm2 to 341 μA/cm2 respectively. The obtained FE parameters are well correlated with the surface morphology and comparable to the previously reported values.Overall dissertation presents the idea that both laser irradiance and plasma parameters can provide a better control over micro/nano structuring of metals which make them potential candidate for the enhancement in the FE properties as well as other applications.