تابعین کرام کا مقام و مرتبہ اور ان کی علمی و ادبی خدمات

After the Prophets of Allah Almighty, the most sacred class of mankind is the class of Prophet Muhammad's Companions. Those are the people who had seen the prophet of Islam with their naked eyes, remained in his companionship and got the heights of knowledge and actions and proved to be a great example of character by attaining the image of Prophet Muhammad's model of excellence. Another class which, like the companions of Prophet (pbuh), deserves such honor is the class of Tabe’en (The followers of the Companions).  Tabe'en had contributed a matchless role in the history of Islam regarding religious knowledge and literature. They had also examplary performed in social, economical, political and military services. Due to these great services they are considered the most sacred class of the Ummah after the prophet’companions. There is a list of academic and literary services ahead of the name of each person in this class. And these services are the great testimony to the greatness of these people. The prophet's companions received the religious knowledge directly from the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), while Tabe'en got it from the companions and then published it in the whole world. The sincere efforts performed by Tabe'en regarding Quran, Hadith, Tafseer and Islamic litrature are of so high level that no one had reached such level of sincerity in the entire history of Islam. The steps that occur after that period, regarding the development of Islamic culture are only the effects of their services. Actually ‘‘Tabe’en’’ is the only class that has spread the social, moral and spritual blessings of Islam throughout the world. That is why, it is not only the Quran that witnesses their greatness but the Prophet (peace be upon him) also praises them.

Psychosocial Determinants and Consequences of Psychopthic Trends Among Forensic and Non-Forensic Samples

The present research project was designed to study the psychosocial determinants and consequences of psychopathic trends in forensic and non-forensic samples. The sequential explanatory mixed methods research design was used. The project comprised three phases. In phase I of the study, two study measures: Self- Reported Psychopathy Scale-III-R (Paulhus, Neumann & Hare, 2009) and Tromoso Social Intelligence Scale (Silvera, Martinussen, & Dahl, 2001) were translated and validated. Phase II was designed to assess the determinants and consequences of psychopathic trends in forensic and non-forensic samples. In Phase II, a correlational survey study was carried out on a non-forensic sample (n= 550) and a forensic sample (n= 200) with 500 men and 250 women of age range between 20-44 years (M age= 29.0; SD= 6.8). The forensic sample was taken from District and Central jails of Faisalabad city while, the comparable nonforensic sample was selected from the general population of Punjab province. Demographic data sheet, Self- Report Psychopathy Scale (Paulhus et al., 2009), Social Intelligence Scale (Silvera et al., 2001), Personality Assessment Questionnaire (Rohner, 2005), Ryff’s Scale of Psychological Well Being (Ryff & Keyes, 1995) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985) were used to collect the data. The results of regression analyses revealed that three negative personality predispositions (viz., dependency, negative self- adequacy and emotional unresponsiveness), two factors of social intelligence (viz., social information processing and social awareness), psychopathic trends (primary and secondary), and demographic variables (gender and job-type: government and private) appeared as the significant predictors of psychological well- being while, negative personality predispositions (composite score, a subtype of negative personality disposition: self- esteem), and income groups significantly predicted satisfaction with life. In mediational path analysis, psychopathic trends appeared as significant mediators between overall negative personality predispositions, psychological well- being and life satisfaction; similarly, in another mediation model, psychopathic trends mediated the relationship between social intelligence, psychological well -being and life satisfaction. In MANOVA, group differences appeared on three study variables (i.e., psychopathic trends, negative personality predispositions, and psychological well- being) in terms of gender, and on all study variables in terms of other selective demographic variables (i.e., income, job-type: government /private, and study groups: forensic and non-forensic). In Phase III, a qualitative study with a sample of 20 (n= 10 forensic; n= 10 non-forensic) who scored 2 SD above the mean on the Self- Report Psychopathy Scale-III in Phase II was carried out to indigenously explore the determinants and consequences of psychopathic trends. The age of the sample ranged between 20-44 years. The forensic sample comprised (6 men; 4 women) while non-forensic samples consisted (10 men) from the general population of Faisalabad District. A thematic analysis revealed nine major themes with respect to psychosocial determinants of psychopathic trends (viz., adverse childhood experiences, parenting/ parental attributes, home environment, sibling’s interaction, social factors, punishment, contextual factors, involvement in illegal/ criminal acts and negative personality attributes). The consequences of psychopathic trends appeared in five major themes (viz., psychological issues, social issues, health issues, financial/ professional issues and changed self). In addition to unique indigenous factors contributing to psychopathic trends, the qualitative study validated the results of the quantitative study. Implications of the study were discussed.