IMPLEMENTASI PEMBELAJARAN KITAB TALIM AL-MUTA ALLIM DALAM PEMBENTUKAN AKHLAK SANTRI DI PONDOK PESANTREN ALKHAIRAAT MADINATUL ILMI DOLO

The purpose of this study is to describe the implementation or application of instructional books Ta‘lim al-Muta‘allim the moral formation of students at boarding school Alkhairaat Madinatul Ilmi Dolo. The qualitative method is used as a method of approach in this study by using observation data collection, interviews, and documentation are analyzed by using the method of data reduction, data presentation, and data verification. The research indicate is result of learning book Ta‘lim al-Muta‘allim  is one book that discusses the presentation on moral learning that must be owned by the students in their studies. Terpokus description on what attitudes must be done by the students in studying good relationship with the teacher (Kiai), with fellow students, as well as how it should be enacting the books (the book) he learned it. In other words, this book is a guideline or code of conduct that students succeed in their studies either in accordance with laid down by Islam. By studying the book Ta'li m al-Muta'allim such, the students should be able to practice and broadcast both inside and outside the boarding school / community. As for the implementation of Learning book Ta‘lim al-Muta‘allim  the moral formation of students at boarding school Alkhairaat Madinatul Ilmi Dolo is providing direct guidance of teaching through the book, namely by providing appropriate role models that are suggested or taught by the book Ta‘lim al-Muta‘allim. Therefore, application of the Book Ta‘lim al-Muta‘allim  between teachers and students in learning is usually not optimal, the influence of the factors of teachers, for example exemplary. So, it should be an important practice, not only wants his students to master learning the book but have a direct practice.

Three Essays on Political Economy and Election Outcomes Evidence from Pakistan

This thesis explores the relationship among democracy, poverty, and violence using spatial econometric technique; socio-economic and demographic determinants of party affiliation; and impact of socio-economic deprivations on voters’ preferences Pakistan. It comprises of five chapters which deal with political economy of terrorist attacks, party support, and election outcomes. The brief introduction of the thesis is given in chapter one and rest of the study proceeds as follows. Chapter 2 investigates the determinants of spatial variation in terrorist attacks in Pakistan for the years 2009 and 2011. Using the spatial lag and spatial error models, the chapter concludes that poverty within a district is negatively related to terrorism in the district. However, poverty in neighboring districts is associated with high number of attacks in that district. Votes’ turnout as proxy for general public’s contentment with regime is negatively correlated to terrorism incidents. The results also reveal that the clusters of attacks have also spread to other parts of the country between the years 2009 and 2011. It is found that terrorism also spreads through the diffusion of attacks to other districts and provinces. More importantly, the attacks are spatially correlated and hence the hot spots are identifiable. Hence, the terrorist attacks are not random across districts, although they may be random within a particular district. The 3rd chapter explores the basis on which voters affiliate themselves with political parties in Pakistan. The study is based on primary data consisting of a sample of 929 students enrolled in Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. It uses multinomial logistic regression model to find different socio-economic and demographic correlates of intended party support. The empirical results show that gender, region, perceived government performance, and media exposure play important roles in the formation of political preferences towards a specific political party. Moreover, different political parties enjoy certain advantages over the competing parties such as concentrated vote bank in specific regions on the basis of ethnicity and media coverage. Furthermore, the study also finds that PML(N) has certain advantages in media handling and projection of its performance because of its vast experience in previous governments. On the other hand, PTI has advantage in some demographic aspects and it is a preferred choice of educated, young, urban and female voters. The fourth chapter contributes to existing literature by empirically investigating the impact of environment, terrorist attacks, and socio-economic deprivations on changes in vote shares of the major contesting political parties between two consecutive elections in Pakistan. For estimations the study uses district level data and fixed effects technique on pooled data for the election years 2008 and 2013. Results of the study show that environmental degradation reflected in rise of temperature and terrorist attacks that represent deterioration of security of life and property have significant and adverse affected the voters’ preferences for the incumbent regimes. Similarly, economic deprivation, lack of educational opportunities, and health facilities have also played significant role in reducing the vote shares of the incumbent parties. The results of our all studies are mostly according to the theoretical expectations and also having important policy implications. The first essay highlights the significance of political discourse besides military cum administrative measures while combating the menus of terrorism in Pakistan. Whereas the second explores socio-economic and demographic determinants of party affiliation; and impact of socio-economic deprivations on voters’ preferences is studied in the third and last essay.