افغانستان کی اسلامی تاریخ کے پیش رو صحابہ کرام: عہد خلافت عمر بن الخطاب رضی اللہ عنہ

The era of caliphate was the golden era of Islam. In this era the boundaries of Islamic state spread far and wide. From the caliphate of Abubakkar saddique (RA) Islamic conquest had started. At that time the Muslim armies reached Syria and Byzentine. But the first arrival of sahaba in Afghanistan was in the caliphate of Hazrat Umar (RA). The torchbearer of Islam came here for the preaching of Islam and to lead these people and turn their lives according to Quran and Sunnah. Before the advent of  Islam Afghanistan was the centre of Buddhist and other several faiths. Through the efforts of these companions of Muhammad (S.A.W) Islam got spread through the mountains and deserts of Afghanistan and all the Pathan tribes enter in the holy deen. In the following lines we will discuss thier efforts and journeys towards Afghanistan.

Classroom Environment Leading to Democracy and Social Responsibility at Secondary Level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

“Classroom Environment Leading to Democracy and Social Responsibility at Secondary Level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa” was quite a new study in this region. Since, the study was descriptive, the objectives of the study were: (1) to explore the social environment of the classroom at secondary level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; (2) to investigate the organizational environment of the classroom at secondary level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; (3) to analyze classroom environment leading to democracy at secondary level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and (4) to find out the classroom environment leading to social responsibility at secondary level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. All 302,170 Secondary School Heads, Secondary School Teachers and Secondary School Students constituted the population for this study. A stratified sample of 1260 was selected through random sampling technique. Questionnaires were used as research instrument for the collection of data. The collected data were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted category wise by comparing responses of the three groups, Principals/Head Masters, Secondary School Teachers and Secondary School Students. To analyze the data, Chi-Square test was used as a contingency test and percentages were used. The responses were tested at significance level of 0.05. On the basis of analysis it was discovered that majority of the respondents were of the opinion that they had interaction with the teachers/students and they expressed themselves freely. The classrooms environment was co-operative and competitive. Teachers’ behavior was friendly. Teachers shared the classroom responsibility. Physical structure of class was attractive. Classes were ventilated and lighted. Schools were providing productive students. Students were the active participants of the community. Students were given opportunities to participate in the major and the minor issues of the classrooms. Classroom curriculum instilled democratic values. xviiIt was recommended that level of interaction may be increased. Teachers should be provided co-operative and competitive environment for the promotion of democracy and social responsibility. Teachers should plan properly in the classroom for promoting democracy. Teachers should be given proper training for teaching democracy. Curriculum must be shaped to inculcate democratic values in students, so that the students become the democratic agents of positive change in the society.