Development Discourse and Womens Empowerment in Sindh

This research paper investigates and introduces the idea of development discourse and women empowerment question in Sindh. Based on the investigation and analysis of the writings by Sindhi intelligentsia in the Sindhi print media and book publications that present the discourse of development, progress, prosperity, and social change in Sindh, in this paper we engage with and call attention to the question of women empowerment. By integrating women empowerment and rights in this paper, we aim to set the research agenda and draw attention to gender and development theory and practice. In a way, this paper takes up and supports the gender-sensitive research approach to development discourse, public policy, and planning in Pakistan. It prioritizes gender and women's empowerment framework in research, teaching, and development practice.

Energy Awareapproach to Increase Network Lifetime in Continuous Sensing Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) continuously monitor different activities in given circumstances. Monitoring criteria of WSNs is event driven, time based, inquire query and continuous sensing. WSNs consist of many cheap Sensor Nodes (SNs) which have limited battery power. Minimizing energy consumption is an important requirement in WSNs to increase network life-span during continuous sensing. In WSNs, the energy is consumed in sensing, processing and transmission. This research aimed to enhance network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption at transmission and re-clustering phase. The proposed solution categorizes SNs into Super Nodes (SUN), Advanced Nodes (ADN) and Normal Nodes (NON). Each cluster is composed of a Cluster Head (CH) and Cluster Members (CMs). CH is always selected from the SUN. Both, ADN and NON become CMs. WSN field is divided into levels and each level is subdivided into clusters. In each level, at least one cluster performs sensing and communication tasks which gives coverage to the whole sensitive area, therefore, the phenomena do not lose communication. ADN and NON adjusted its time schedule for active, sleep and idle modes. CH consisted of active, sleep and idle states and forwarded packets to Base Station (BS) following best route among various available paths. Energy consumption was minimized during continuous sensing by active, sleep and idle mechanism and by eliminated re-clustering in each network round. The proposed solution, LEACH-ELT (LEACH with Enhanced Life Time), successfully increased WSNs life-span by minimized transmission time energy consumption and circumvented wide-range re-clustering in WSNs. The LEACH-ELT was simulated in MATLAB and the results were compared with traditional LEACH protocol. The demonstration showed that LEACH-ELTperformance is better than LEACH protocol.