رسالہ اور مدیر: مکاتیب شبلی کا مطالعہ معاصر مدیران کے لئے رہنما اصول

In the contemporary academia, importance of journals is an established fact. Not only does the traditional academia discourse, but also modern discipline appears due to such endeavor of such traditions of journal. An editor is the key person who lightens the quality of writing. All฀mah Shibl฀ Nu‘m฀n฀ (1857-1914) was not only an historian, writer, scholar and a great expert in the field of journals. He was the very first editor of various journals in the sub-continent. He had great vision in arrangement multiple discourses in the journals, at the same time his expertise in editorship can be explored. In his opinion a good editor needs to observe these characteristics. He should establish good relationship with scholars to achieve good targets of excellent writings. He should appoint co-editors for training and take keen interest in the additional responsibilities. He should select important as well as relevant articles and ensure material for the Journal in advance. He should also have a curious look on the contemporary journals to organize, review on latest books and to exploit various available sources to propagate journals. Shibl฀ can be called a modern vehicle of expression. He made substantial contribution in enhancing the quality of the journals and promoting journals material for a wide readership. He trained novice graduates for professional editorship for the journals. Here is an effort to highlight Shibl฀’s letters as golden principle of writing.

An Analysis of English Translation of Khushhal Khan Khattak's Poetry

An Analysis of English Translation of Khushhal Khan Khattak's Poetry The present study investigates the verse to verse translation of Khushhal Khan Khattak's poetry. The source text (ST) comprises of eight selected Pashto poems from the Diwan of Khushhal Khan Khattak. The translation is done into English by Olaf Caroe in collaboration with Evely Howell. The study explores the relationship between the original text and the translation in terms of equivalence which is the core concept in translation studies. It focuses on identification of the norms of translational equivalence observed in the actual practice of translation. It explores as to what extent the form and content of the original text is reproduced /transferred in the translation. The study identifies whether the translators truly understand the source text and are able to convey the author's point of view or they take liberties to adapt the translation to the linguistic and cultural system of the target audience at the expense of deviating from the intent and meaning of the original. As the nature of the study demands, the research method is based on hermeneutics which is an interpretive framework in translation studies. The analytical framework is based on Nida's principles of formal and dynamic equivalence which provide the ground for analysis of translation at both textual and extra textual levels. The study examines how the different, social, cultural and linguistic factors affect the process/ product of translation in terms of its adequacy and accuracy. Moreover, it also focuses on how far the translators' own ideologies and personal prejudices are influential in guiding them in making addition, deletion and adaptation in the source text. And, it tries to identify how far the translation carries the sense and spirit of the original. After analysing the poems it has been found that the translation exhibits equivalence at those places where the text of English translation and Pashto exhibit universal features common to both the languages. However, it has also been found that the poet's feelings, thoughts and ideology, in addition to the social and cultural context in which the poems were produced, have not been transferred in the translation. Consequently, equivalence in verse to verse translation has not been successfully achieved. The analysis has shown that the sense and spirit of the original is partially conveyed in the translation.