ایف آئی آر
تھانہ پرانی انار کلی اور FIRنمبر 211/81ایک ایسی ایف آئی آر جس کے ہزاروں سیاسی کارکنوں کو گرفتار کیا گیا ۔تھانہ پرانی انار کلی لاہور بی بی سی اردو آج بی بی سی کے پروگرام سیربین میں عالیہ نازنے جو رپورٹ پیش کی دلچسپ ہے ۔جس میں تھانہ کے ایس ایچ او بھگت سنگھ کیس کے متعلق بتا یا مگر جو سب سے اہم مقدمہ اس پولیس اسٹیشن کا تھا جس کا ایف آر آئی نمبر 211/81ہے بھول گئے اس کے متعلق ان کو معلوم نہیں تھا اور یہ بھی ہو سکتا ہے کہ مارشل لاء حکام نے وہ ریکارڈ ضائع کر دیا ہو کیونکہ یہ مقدمہ کیمرہ ٹرائل تھا ۔جو کہ اسپیشل ملٹری کورٹ میں چلا بی بی سی کا ریکارڈ چیک کیا جائے تو 7اگست 1948ء کو یہ مقدمہ شروع کیا تھا ۔اس کی تمام خبریں مل جائیں گی ۔مقدمہ کے آغاز سے لے کر پاکستان کی سب سے بڑی بھوک ہڑتال اور فیصلہ تک بی بی سی نے مکمل خبریں دیں ۔اس دن صبح سویرے کوٹ لکھپت جیل میں پہلے عثمان غنی شہید اور ادریس بیگ شہید کو پھانسی دی گئی اور پھر چند گھنٹوں بعد ہم 54سیاسی قیدیوں کو فو جی عدالت میں پیش کیا گیا ۔اس مقدمے میں چون افراد فوجی عدالت میں موجود تھے ۔چھیاسی افراد جن میں میر مرتضی بھٹو شہید ،شاہ نواز بھٹو شہید،مرزا اختر بیگ ،یعقوب چینا ،سہیل سیٹھی ،آغا ندیم ،عمر حیات اور بہت سے سیاسی کارکن تھے۔تھا نہ پرانی انار کلی کی ایف آئی آر 211/81میں ہی پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی کے سینکڑوں نہیں ہزاروں کارکنوں کو گرفتار کر کے لاہور کے شاہی قلعہ اور لال قلعہ (لال قلعہ بھی لاہور ہی میں ہے ) لایا گیا ۔یہ ایف آئی آر تو تھانہ انار کلی میں درج کی گئی مگر...
Foreign direct investment plays a key role in economic development of all countries. Because of its enormous importance, a large number of empirical studies has focused on finding out the factors determining foreign direct investment. Level of human capital development is one of the major factors influencing foreign inflows. However, earlier studies examining impact of human capital on foreign investment inflows has majorly used literacy rate, school enrolment and government spending on education as its proxies. This paper also examines the impact of human capital as determinant of foreign direct investment. Contrary to earlier empirical studies, it uses cognitive skills as proxy for human capital. Cognitive skills measure the quality of education instead of literacy rate or government spending on education as proxy for human capital. Results indicate that human capital has significant positive effect on foreign direct investment for sample countries. This result is robust to disaggregated data for developed and developing countries. Other factors that determine foreign direct investment inflows are inflation, capital account openness, trade account openness and real income. Based on empirical results, it is recommended that the relevant authorities must make human capital as part and parcel of strategies aimed at augmenting economic growth in the country. There is also a lesson for a developing country like Pakistan to focus more on quality of education instead of school enrolment or education spending for attracting foreign direct investment to boost economic activity (J.E.L Classification Codes: O4, O15, P22).
Heavy metals contamination of agriculture soil is an important ecological problem. Rapid growth of industrial sector and lack of proper disposal system of industrial wastes heavily loaded our soil with toxic metals possessing serious threat to all form of life. Present study was carried out to explore the bioremediation potential of two heavy metals resistant bacterial strains (Bacillus aerius and Bacillus cereus) isolated from heavy metals polluted soils of Hayatabad industrial estate, Peshawar (HIEP) and Gadoon industrial estate, Swabi (GIES) of Khyber-Pukhtoonkhwa, Pakistan, by assessing the biochemical and molecular processes occurs in spinach crop grown in that soil. Elemental study of the soils indicated that concentration of heavy metals in target areas were significantly higher than control i.e. (Pb= 98.33 in Gadoon and 65.08 mg/kg in Hayatabad > 0.4 mg/kg in control soil), (Cr=102.66 in Gadoon and 30.56 in Hayatabad > 2.78 mg/kg in control soil), (Cu=25.66 in Gadoon and 12.4 mg/kg in Hayatabad > 1.35 mg/kg in control soil), (Mn=839.66 in Gadoon and 753.43 mg/kg in Hayatabad > 28.9mg/kg in control soil), (Zn=47.33 in Gadoon and 22.56 mg/kg in Hayatabad > 0.04mg/kg in control soil. Diverse statistical tools like cluster analysis (HC) and principal component analysis (PCA), along with geo-statistical approches such as single pollution load index (SPI), ecological risk factor (Er), enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (I-geo) proved significant to moderate enrichment of heavy metals in the soil. Hence, this study indicates that the majority of toxic heavy metals contributed to soil pollution in the studied areas are coming from industrial and commercial activities. To explore the effect of heavy metals on lipid peroxidation in spinach associated with microbes (B. aerius and B. cereus) isolated from contaminated soils irrigated with industrial effluents of GIES and HIEP. The severity of the lipid peroxidation induced by heavy metals was determined by Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) contents, glycine betaine (GB), proline (Pro) contents, hydrogen per oxide (H2O2) contents, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll “a”, chlorophyll “b” and “carotenoids”, total soluble sugar (TSS), proteins (TP) contents, and cell viability (EC) estimation. Plants grown in heavy metals polluted soil showed significant reduction in chlorophyll “a”, chlorophyll “b”, carotenes, total soluble sugar and total proteins contents, whereas electrolyte contents, glycine betaine, proline, hydrogen peroxide and TBARS in terms of lipid peroxidation were increased. Seeds inoculated with microbes showed significant increase in photosynthetic pigments, total soluble sugar and proteins contents whereas cell leakage, glycine betaine contents, proline, hydrogen peroxide contents and TBARS, confirmed decrease in oxidative stress produced by heavy metals. Plant physiological and biochemical attributes like germination percentage, seedling vigor, total nitrogen and proteins contents, metallothionein contents, stomata morphology and antioxidative metabolism associated with heavy metals resistance microbes (B. aerius and B. cereus) showed that heavy metals pollution significantly decrease seed germination, plant growth and vigor, total nitrogen and proteins contents, whereas significantly high metallothionein (MTs) and antioxidants enzymes were noted. Conversely, B. aerius and B. cereus species alleviated heavy metals induced reduction in plant biomass and improved seed germination, total nitrogen and proteins contents, reduced metallothionein and antioxidative enzymes. Furthermore Stomata microstructural alterations were significantly revived by bacterial strains. Results further revealed that plants inoculated with heavy metals resistant bacterial strains were efficient in heavy metals removal from polluted soil as compared to non-inoculated plants. Furthermore both heavy metals resistant strains inoculated plants showed high tolerance index (TI) and low bio-accumulation factor (BF) by comparing with non-inoculated crop ensuring restricted flow of heavy metals to plant system. Reverse Transcription of expressed genes revealed the stress response of two gene families Myeloblastosis (Myb) and Zinc-figure protein genes (Zat-12) in plants grown in contaminated soils. There was very low expression of Myb and Zat-12 genes i.e. 26 and 20%) in GIES soil and 15.78 and 10% in HIEP soil in bio-primed plants, while in non-bio primed plants these values were 100% in GIES soil and 31 and 80% in HIEP soil. It is therefore recommended that plant augmented with heavy metals resistant strains not only regulates the expression of stress inducible genes but also play a major role in the remediation of heavy metals affected agriculture soil.