مراتب اختر کی شاعری کا پس منظر اور معاصر منظر نامہ
مراتب علی اختر کی شاعری کا پس منظر
تغیر و تبدل انسانی زندگی کا خاصہ ہے اور تخلیقِ آدم سے ہی شاید یہ سلسلہ شروع ہو گیا تھا۔اگر مختلف تہذیبوں کی تاریخ کا مطالعہ کیاجائے تو یہ ثابت ہوتا ہے کہ تہذیبوں کی تبدیلی کے ساتھ ساتھ زبان وادب بھی متاثر ہوتا رہا اور اس میں بتدریج تبدیلیاں ہوتی رہیں۔یہ ایک مسلمہ حقیقت ہے کہ ادب معاشرے کو متاثر کرتا ہے اور معاشرہ ادب پر اثر انداز ہوتا ہے۔ اُردو زبان بھی ابتدائی دور میں فارسی ادب سے زیادہ متاثر ہوئی۔ اُردو کی ابتدائی شاعری کے مطالعہ سے پتا چلتا ہے کہ ہمارے شعراء نے بھی وہی گل وبلبل کے قصے اور محبوب کی بے وفائی کو شاعری کا موضوع بنایا۔ اگرچہ مرزا مظہر علی خاں کو بعض ناقدین اُردو شاعری کی کثافت کو کم کرنے کا معمارِ اوّل سمجھتے ہیں اور میرتقی میرؔ نے بھی یہ دعویٰ کیا تھا۔
اِس بات پر تمام ناقدین متفق ہیں کہ اُردو شاعری میں جدت کی بنیاد مولانا الطاف حسین حالیؔ نے رکھی۔ اگرچہ اِس سے پہلے نظیر اکبرآبادیؔ بھی شاعری کو اُمرا کی محفلوں سے نکال کر غرباء کے مساکن اور گلی محلوں تک لے آئے تھے۔ مگر حالی وہ شخصیت ہیں جنہوںنے اس بنیاد پر بہت بڑی عمارت کھڑی کردی۔ مولانا الطاف حسین حالیؔ اس حوالے سے ’’مجموعہ نظم حالی‘‘ میں جدید اردو شاعری میں فطرت نگاری، مقصدیت اور سادگی کو شاعری کا لازمہ قرار دیتے ہیں۔(۱)
مولانا الطاف حسین حالیؔ سرسید کے رفقائے کار میں سے تھے اور سرسید احمد خان کے نظریات، فلسفہ اور اصلاحِ قوم کے...
Gastric substances that potentially increase the esophageal mucosal damage are: gastric acid, pepsin, bile salts, and pancreatic enzymes. From all of these substances, the highest potential for reflux damage is gastric acid. Although the main cause of clinical symptoms of GERD is acid reflux, it has been known that there are subgroups with typical reflux symptoms that do not provide sufficient response or not responsive to PPI treatment. Despite the improvement of esophagitis, there is no clinical improvements in reflux symptoms of 30% respondents. Therefore, this study was designed to determine fasting gastric acidity with endoscopic findings in patients with GERD. A comparative-analysis study, which determine the fasting gastric acidity from endoscopic findings in patients with GERD. Samples recruited using consecutives sampling technique and divided into groups of esophagitis and non-esophagitis reflux. A total of 40 samples involved in this study. The Mann-Whitney test, was used for analyzing the difference between fasting gastric acidity from endoscopic findings of esophagitis lesions in patient with GERD. The median value for fasting gastric acidity in the esophagitis reflux group was 1.88 (0.82-4.84), whereas the median value for fasting gastric acidity in the non-esophagitis reflux group was 2.49 (0.68-5.97). The Mann-Whitney test result was p=0.298 (p>0.05). This study shows that there is no significant difference of fasting gastric acidity from endoscopic findings between esophagitis and non esophagitis reflux groups in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This study shows that esophagitis lesions are not affected by gastric acidity.
Introduction: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital anomaly (one-third of all congenital anomalies) with a global birth prevalence of 8/1,000 live births. About 30-50% of all CHD can be categorized as those that will result in death or long-term disability if surgery or catheter-based intervention is not done within one year (major CHD) or four weeks (critical CHD). Early diagnosis of CHD with subsequent prompt surgical/catheter-based interventions has been associated with better outcomes. In this study, late diagnosis of CHD is defined as cases of CHD diagnosed after the first year of life. Knowledge on presentations of CHD, rates of late diagnosis and associated factors is required to bridge knowledge and care gaps that currently exist locally. Research Question: What are the factors that are associated with late diagnosis amongst children diagnosed with CHD in Kenya? Study Objectives: This study aims to describe the proportion of patients with CHD who are diagnosed late as well as the factors that are associated with the late diagnosis. It also aims to assess access to corrective surgery/catheter-based intervention by children with CHD in Kenya. Study Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study of children 18 years and below diagnosed with CHD on follow up at the three major cardiac referral centers in Kenya (Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Mater Hospital and Kenyatta National Hospital) between January 2011 and December 2016. A total of 411 Patient files were analyzed after randomly selecting patients from all three referral centers based on the number of patients with CHD on follow up in each facility using the ratio (26:75:75). Patients with CHD were categorized into those who were diagnosed late and those who were diagnosed early. Continuous variables were analyzed using summary statistics such as means (ranges) or median (IQR) and categorical and discrete data were analyzed using percentages/proportions. Tests of association between variables and outcome was performed using chi square for categorical and continuous variables and any variable with p-value <0.25 was included in the model. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with the late diagnosis of CHD adjusting for age and sex of the patient. P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of the 411 patients analyzed, 205 (49.9%) were male and 206 (50.1%) were female. The median (IQR) age at diagnosis was 15 (5-48) months and the proportion of patients with CHD who were