علامہ اقبال کی فارسی شاعری کا یہ تیسرا مجموعہ کلام ہے جو مئی 1923 ء میں شائع ہوا ۔ اس مجموعہ کلام کو بہت پسند کیا گیا۔ مارچ 1924ء میں دوسری بار شائع کرنا پڑا۔ 1929ء میں یہ تیسری بار شائع ہوا۔ اس میں رباعیات بھی ہیں۔ نظمیں بھی ہیں اور غزلیں بھی ہیں ۔ سرِ ورق سے عیاں ہے کہ یہ جرمن شاعر گوئٹے کے دیوان مغرب کے جواب میں لکھا گیا ہے۔ اس میں” لالہ طور " کے تحت رباعیاں ہیں۔ "افکار" میں نظمیں ہیں۔ " مے باقی " میں غزلیات ہیں۔ نقش فرنگ اور خردہ کو آخر میں شامل کیا گیا ہے۔ اس کے کئی ترجمے ہوئے۔مغرب اپنی کمزور اور سر دروحانیت سے بیزار ہو کر مشرق کے سینے سے حرارت کا متلاشی ہے۔ اس لیے اقبال نے اپنے اس مجموعہ کلام کو گوئٹے کے دیوان کا جواب قرار دیا ہے۔
Undoubtedly, Youth play cardinal role in the development and reformation of any society. Their activities produce an immense influence in the social development and progress. This article aimed at highlighting the important role of youth in social reforms by keeping in view the Islamic personalities like great companions of Holy Prophet (r). Descriptive and qualitative research approach was employed for the collection and analysis of data. The systematic review of scholarly literature on Islamic history revealed that the Prophet Muhammad (r) gave particular emphasize to nourish young generation in order to mold their lives into an ideal and balanced personality. He by developing intellectual, spiritual, and emotional skills produced such great men who led the mankind and became heroes of history. At the same time they appeared as ideal traders, peaceful citizens, just rulers, true followers of Holy Prophet (r) and loyal worshiper of Allah Almighty. The research by observing present condition of youth found that unfortunately our youth was found in illicit, unethical, useless, and peace demoting activities which promoted social evils and criminal activities. They got involved in unlawful activities including terrorism, killing, robbery, and kidnapping etc. By keeping view the above findings the research strongly recommends to nurture our youth on the footsteps of companions of Holy Prophet (r) in order to bring peace and prosperity in the country. Moreover they should be given awareness about the lives of heroes of Islam who appeared with great titles on the horizon.
Selenium (Se) is a vital component for human beings, animals and for certain plants at smaller concentration but at higher concentrations it causes toxicity. Through natural and anthropogenic sources it goes in environment. The process of bioaccumulation starts which makes noteworthy intercession when selenium concentration increased. The excess selenium from contaminated sites remove through a process of phytoremediation.Plant that gather selenium up to the levels which can satisfy animal’s food needs of selenium without lethal its belongings are exceptionally valuable. Maize (Zea mays L.) is extensively grown staple cereal with encouraging qualities of a heavy metal accumulator. The potential use of this crop in phytoremediation is advanced especially to evolve nations with restricted assets accessible for characteristic recovery. Thinking about these actualities, this research work has been wanted to evaluate the capability of maize for the phytoremediation of selenium contaminated soil. A series of hydroponic and pot experiments were conducted in wire house for this research work. The initial experiment was led to observe the effect of various levels of Se (control, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mgL-1) on the different growth and some physiological parameters in maize and to study the response of different varieties of maize to Se application. Seedlings of eight maize varieties (Syngenta 8711, Pioneer 33H15, Pioneer 31P41, Monsanto 6525, Cargill 6142, Pioneer 32F10, Monsanto 6142 and Syngenta 8441) were grown in Hoagland’s nutrient solution. The second study was conducted in soil medium with same treatment used in first experiment. Aside from the parameters in the underlying investigation selenium concentration in roots and shoots of maize genotypes was estimated. Third experiment was conducted with foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) helpful in improving growth of maize genotypes in selenium stress. Results indicated that lower levels of selenium improved the plant growth but higher level of selenium hindered plant growth. In case of shoot length, root length, fresh and dry biomass on an average, Pioneer 33H15 was performed the best whereas the Monsanto 6142 performed poor. The Se concentration in shoots and roots in maize plants improved with increasing Se application. Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 100 μM was found effective under selenium stress.