قاضی عبدالغفار
افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ مہینہ ہماری پرانی علمی و تہذیبی بزم کی ایک اور روشن شمع خاموش ہوگئی، اور قاضی عبدالغفار صاحب نے موت و حیات کی طویل کشمکش کے بعد ۱۷؍ جنوری کو انتقال کیا، وہ ہماری بزم کہن کی اہم یادگار، حکیم اجمل خاں کے ندیم خاص، مولانا محمد علی کے ہمدم و ہمراز، مولانا ابوالکلام کے ہم نشین، ایک تجربہ کار صحافی اور صاحبِ طرز ادیب تھے، چمنستانِ ادب اور خارزار صحافت دونوں میں ان کے قلم کی روانی یکساں تھی اور طنز لطیف میں تو آپ اپنی مثال تھے، ہماری زبان میں ان کے ’’ہلکے ہلکے اشارے‘‘ طنز و ظرافت کے شرارے اور اردو ادب کے شہ پارے ہوتے تھے۔
وہ پرانے قوم پرست اور وطن پرور تھے، ترک موالات اور خلافت کی تحریکوں میں سرگرمی سے حصہ لیا، اس کے بعد بھی صحافت کے دائرے کے اندر ایک عر صہ تک ملکی سیاست میں حصہ لیتے رہے اور مختلف اوقات میں کلکتہ، دہلی اور حیدرآباد سے مختلف اخبارات جمہود، صباح اور پیام نکالے، ہمدرد میں مولانا محمد علی مرحوم کے دستِ راست تھے، ۱۹۲۲ء میں دوسرے وفد خلافت کے سکریٹری کی حیثیت سے لندن گئے تھے، ان کی کتاب نقش فرنگ اس سفر کا دلآویز مرقع ہے، وہ فطری ادیب تھے، ان کی کوئی تحریر ادب کی چاشنی سے خالی نہ ہو تی تھی، انجمن ترقی اردو کے دوبارہ قیام کے بعد اس کے جنرل سکریٹری ہوگئے تھے، بلکہ پہلی انجمن کے خاتمہ کے بعد دوبارہ ان ہی نے اس کو زندہ کیا تھا، اور اسکے ذریعہ آخر دم تک اردو کے لیے لڑتے رہے، اس صوبہ میں اردو کو جو حقوق بھی ملے ہیں اس میں انجمن کو بڑا دخل ہے۔
قاضی صاحب میں جدت و قدامت کا بڑا لطیف امتزاج تھا، وہ خیالات میں ترقی پسند تھے، لیکن...
Valid interrogation of the accused is an art or skill in today’s modern world. The law and techniques of interrogation varies in the developed and developing world. Similarly, the Islamic law is not silent about the techniques of valid interrogation. There are specific rules and procedures for the interrogation of an accused either a criminal, an enemy, a spy or a war prisoner. This paper gives a detailed analysis about the principles and procedures of a valid interrogation process in Islam and its computability with the International Human Rights standards of interrogations. The paper argue that understanding the psychic-analytical niceties of interrogation helps an investigator to reach the truth. The paper finds that Islamic law gives full protection and safeguard to the rights of persons under custody and restrict the authorities to follow free and fair interrogation for ensuring justice. In this regard Islam presents a balanced view of the rights of the persons under custody and the executives exercise of legitimate force for interrogation. Islam strongly forbids torture and other inhuman ways of interrogation.
The events surrounding Nazi Germany have for long captured the attention of both the academic world and the general public. Many contradictory views have been raised about the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany, as some have portrayed him as an all-powerful man, mesmerizing the German masses with his mystical powers; while other view him as a mere captive of impersonal social and historical forces that led him to success. The respective research focuses on critically analyzing the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany in a sociological perspective. The objective of the study is to critically analyze the political, economic, religious, and social factors which facilitated the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany. The respective sociological study is qualitative in its very nature, and the research type is exploratory. As this study employs historical and analytical approach, therefore, primary as well as secondary academic sources have been used, i.e., books, diaries, encyclopedias, essays, memoirs, pamphlets, speeches, journals, newspapers, and websites. Some scholars view that, the charisma of Hitler was based not necessarily on a specific trait of personality, but it was largely dependent on people’s perceptions of him and his responses. Hitler was believed to be the epitome of the German ‘yolk’, as he was the embodiment of the aspirations, desires, and the dire needs of the German nation. vii The charisma of Hitler was based not necessarily on a specific trait of personality, but it was largely dependent more on sociological factors, particularly people’s perceptions of Hitler and how he responded to such perceptions under the dramatic , political, sociocultural, as well as economic changes taking place from 1913 to 1933 in Germany. He was viewed by the public as the selfless exponent of national interest, a fervent protector of Germany’s ‘just’ rights, and above all as the nation’s strength rebuilder. He was regarded as a statesman of unmatched genius by his exponents, and was also seen as a phenomenal military leader, who was distinguished by his bravery as a former front line soldier. Thus, it was perceived that he truly knew and understood the ordinary German. His emotional delivery of an impromptu speech captivated the masses. The Germans were always eager to hear their young, forceful, and mesmerizing leader. The sociological construct of the German society from 1913 to 1933 along with various social factors paved the way for him to rise to his zenith, i.e., first as a strong leader for the Germans, and later as the Chancellor in 1933.