اسلامی ریاست میں داخلی استحکام کے لیے مرکز اور صوبوں کے تعلقات

There is a dire need of an experienced and authoritative mechanism in the polity of Islām in order to run the affairs of the state in a benefiting manner. This mechanism divides the state into different regions and provinces so as to carry out the affairs of the state in an organized way. These provinces must be founded on some administrative basis, not on racial, lingual or regional grounds. It is necessary that these units are autonomous as far as authority and power is concerned. It will help eradicate parochial differences and strengthen integrity of a country. It is essential to keep up and safeguard the freedom and the rights of these units. We can get our desired objectives, if legal and constitutional safeguards are meted out to these administrative units of the state. According to ‘Allāmah Ibn Khaldūn’s point of view, it is imperative to strengthen a state instead of expanding it. There must be small but integrated autonomous units of the state. Such division helps these units to progress and prosper. The golden principle of power distribution is in vogue in all eras, although its structure has been different and varied. In this article, we are going to view the structure of distribution in the perspective in an Islamic state

Relationship Between the Phenomenon of Academic Procrastination and Students Achievement at University Level

Procrastination is a complex phenomenon referred towards the postponement of a planned task that can also be defined as an illogical and irrational delay. The study was an attempt to find out the relationship between the phenomenon of academic procrastination and students achievement at university level. The objectives of the study were to identify the tasks in which students procrastinate the most with an exploration of the causes for academic procrastination. Furthermore, the relationship between academic procrastination and students’ achievement was explored. Students’ interest in changing their attitude of academic procrastination was also assessed. The study was a co-relational study. The relationship between academic procrastination and students’ achievement was explored. In typological context, five public sector universities were randomly selected out of 20 public sector universities in Punjab. Multi-stage cluster sampling technique was used and the total 365 M.Phil level students (All students studying in the sampled departments) and twenty five university teachers, teaching at M.Phil level (one teacher from each sampled department) formed sample of the study. Procrastination Assessment Scale for Students (PASS) was adopted to collect quantitative data from the students and semi-structure interviews of the teachers were conducted for qualitative section. Data were collected through mail and personal visits and analyzed by using SPSS. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Major findings and conclusions of the study revealed that majority of the students at university level are the high procrastinators in all the six identified academic tasks. The main causes for academic procrastination were dependency and help seeking, risk-taking, socialization, pleasant verses boring tasks, fail to prioritize, lack of focus, socialization, poor time management, no check and balance from parents, leniency of the teachers, not clear goals, carelessness, and lack of motivation. Strong negative correlation was found between academic procrastination and academic achievement, furthermore, students’ wish to change their attitude of academic procrastination. The study recommended that teachers, parents and students themselves take the responsibility to avoid academic procrastination and a course to overcome the attitude of academic procrastination may be introduced at university level within the framework of mentoring services for building up competency and commitment of students and teachers, through research based powerful programs, conducting empirical studies in sampling physical sciences and professional programs on a larger sample in Punjab and elsewhere, comparison of public and private universities, in-depth case studies of risk cases and developing research based training manual were suggested for further research in this area.