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Biological and Virtual Screening of Newly Synthesized Azoles Against Potential Targets of Candida Albicans

Thesis Info

Author

Usman Rasheed

Supervisor

Shahiq Uz Zaman

Program

MS

Institute

Riphah International University

Institute Type

Private

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2015

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

xv, 103 . : ill. ; 29 cm.

Subject

Medicine & Health

Language

English

Other

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of philosophy; Includes bibliographical references; Thesis (MS)--Riphah International University, 2016; English; Call No: 615.19 USM

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676711431661

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اے۔ کے ۔ بروہی

اے ۔ کے ۔ بروہی
ہندوستان اور پاکستان کے علمی حلقوں میں یہ خبر نہایت افسوس کے ساتھ سنی گئی کہ بین الاقوامی شہرت کے قانون داں اور عالم جناب اے۔ کے۔ بروہی جن کا پورا نام اﷲ بخش بروہی تھا، گزشتہ ستمبر میں عارضہ قلب میں انتقال فرما گئے، ان کی میت لندن سے کراچی لائی گئی، ان کی عمر ۷۲ سال کی تھی، مرحوم کے بارے میں یہ بالکل درست ہے کہ پیشہ کے لحاظ سے وہ قانون داں تربیت کے لحاظ سے فلسفی اور مزاج کے لحاظ سے دیندار تھے، ان کی قوت گویائی اعلیٰ درجہ کی تھی، ۱۹۶۰؁ء میں وہ پاکستان کے ہائی کمشنر ہوکر ہندوستان آئے، ان ہی دنوں ایک انڈوپاک کلچرل کانفرنس دلی میں منعقد ہوئی، جس میں پاکستان کے چوٹی کے ادیب، شاعر اور دانشور بھی آئے ہوئے تھے، افتتاحیہ جلسہ میں وزیراعظم جواہر لال نہرو شریک تھے، وہ بہت تھکے تھکے معلوم ہورہے تھے لیکن جب بروہی صاحب تقریر کرنے لگے تو وہ ہمہ تن گوش ہوگئے۔
بروہی صاحب نے اسلام آباد میں انٹرنیشنل یونیورسٹی قائم کی جس کے وہ پہلے ریکٹر ہوئے، پاکستان کی نیشنل ہجرۃ کونسل کے چیرمین تھے، جس کی وجہ سے حکومت نے انھیں سفیر کا درجہ دے رکھا تھا، وہ انگریزی میں کئی کتابوں کے مصنف تھے۔ نیشنل ہجرۃ کونسل کے چیرمین کی حیثیت سے وہ اسلام سے متعلق ایک سو اعلیٰ معیار کی کتابیں مرتب کرانے میں مصروف تھے، ان کتابوں کے انتخاب کے لئے ایک کمیٹی مقرر کی گئی ہے، جس کے ایک رکن مرحوم سید صباح الدین عبدالرحمن بھی تھے۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، جنوری ۱۹۸۸ء)

 

Efficacy of Atorvastatin Plus Pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin Versus Pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin Alone in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients with Genotype-3a Atorvastatin for the treatment of chronic HCV with Genotype-3a

Background: Chronic hepatitis C infection has created a huge burden of disease causing serious health effects. The combination therapy used to treat hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection includes Pegylated interferon and Ribavirin. As cholesterol biosynthesis plays a pivotal role in HCV replication, the use of various statins has been associated with higher sustained viral response Objective: To compare the efficacy of atorvastatin plus pegylated interferon and ribavirin versus pegylated interferon and ribavirin alone in patients of chronic hepatitis C with genotype-3a Methods: This Randomized controlled trial was conducted at outpatient department, Mayo Hospital Lahore for six months i.e. May to November 2017. After ethical approval, 60patients of ages 25 to 55 years of either gender with chronic hepatitis C with genotype 3a were included in the study. Informed consent was taken from all patients. Then patients were randomly allocated into two groups “A” and “B” using random number table. Patients in Group A received standard of care treatment for chronic hepatitis C i.e. Pegylated interferon and ribavirin while the patients in Group B also received tab atorvastatin along with the standard treatment. Patients were follow up for 4 week. Blood samples were collected and HCV RNA detection. All this information were entered in proformaResults: In standard therapy group, the mean age of patients was 39.50±8.39years. In atorvastatin plus standard therapy group, the mean age of patients was 34.30±6.78years. In standard therapy group, there were 25 (83.3%) males and 5 (16.7%) females. In atorvastatin plus standard therapy group, there were 16 (53.3%) males and 14 (46.7%) females. After 4 weeks, Rapid VirologicalResponse (RVR) was achieved in 4 (13.3%) patients in standard therapy group while in 14 (46.7%) in atorvastatin plus standard therapy group. The difference was significant (p<0.05) Conclusions: Atorvastatin in combination with Pegylated interferon and ribavirin have better efficacy as compared toPegylated interferon & ribavirin alone in chronic hepatitis C-3a.

Estimation of Population Mean of Sensitive Variable Using Auxiliary Information

Warner (1965) introduced Randomized Response Technique (RRT) for qualitative variable, which helps interviewers extract reliable data corresponding to sensitive questions while maintaining respondent anonymity. RRT allow respondents to mark their actual response by giving a scrambled response which the researcher is later able to unscramble at an aggregate level but not at an individual level. In the thesis, we focus on generalized quantitative optional randomized response models and some generalized ratio-type estimators have been proposed for a finite population mean of a sensitive variable based on RRT by using non-sensitive auxiliary variable. These estimators have been proposed under different sampling designs, such as single-phase sampling, two-phase sampling, stratified sampling and stratified two-phase sampling. In Chapter 1, the discussion has been made about randomized response technique. Different methods, related to randomized response models and RRT have been discussed. Furthermore, uses of two-phase sampling, auxiliary information, stratified sampling, ratio and regression estimators based on randomized response technique have been illustrated. In Chapter 2, literature on the randomized response models and mean estimators based on randomized response techniques is discussed. Chapter 3 contains the quantitative randomized response models, already developed in full and optional randomized response devices. The procedure of ratio and regression estimators for sensitive variables by using non-sensitive auxiliary variable based on RRT have also been given in Chapter 3. The major contribution of this dissertation starts from Chapter 4. In this chapter, three new quantitative randomized response models to estimate the mean of a sensitive variable have been proposed. We also improved mean estimation utilizing information from a non-sensitive auxiliary variable by way of ratio and regression estimators in three models. These three models have been constructed under single sample approach, split sample approach and generalized linear combination scrambling approach. Some special cases and privacy protection for generalized quantitative models have also been discussed. Estimators for the mean, ratio and regression of the variable of interest are developed for each model and simulation studies are also done to analyze them. These proposed models are generalization of additive, subtractive and multiplicative models under different parameter assumptions. In Chapter 5, a class of generalized estimators of population mean have been suggested for randomized response technique under simple random sampling. The estimators have been proposed for the two different situations illustrated as: Situation-I: Single Phase Sampling. Situation-II: Two-Phase Sampling. The mean square error and bias expressions have been derived for generalized estimators under the single and two-phase sampling. An extensive simulation study and an application to a real dataset are done for all the study estimators to evaluate their performance. In Chapter 6, a class of generalized estimators of population mean have been suggested for randomized response technique under stratified sampling. The estimators have been proposed for the two different situations illustrated as: Situation-I: Single Phase Sampling. Situation-II: Two-Phase Sampling. The procedure of stratified sampling in randomized response technique in two situations for single and two-phase sampling have been discussed. The mean square error and bias expressions have been derived for generalized estimators under the single and two-phase stratified sampling. We use the simulation studies for efficiency comparison by empirically and theoretically.