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Causes of Road Traffic Accidents

Thesis Info

Author

Liaquat Ali

Supervisor

Samiullah

Program

MS

Institute

Riphah International University

Institute Type

Private

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

xiii, 122 . : ill. ; 29cm. +CD

Subject

Management & Auxiliary Services

Language

English

Other

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science to the Faculty of Management Sciences; Includes bibliographical references and appendix; Thesis (MS)--Riphah International University, 2019; English; Call No: 658.477 LIA

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676711436232

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سیلاب کی تباہ کاریاں

سیلاب کی تباہ کاریاں
پانی اللہ تعالیٰ کی ایک نعمتِ عظمیٰ ہے۔ انسان کی زندگی کا دارومدار پانی پر ہے۔ یہ عناصرار بعہ کا ایک اہم جزو ہے۔ ’’اللہ تعالیٰ نے ہر زندہ شے کو پانی سے پیدا فرمایا ہے‘‘ (القرآن) زمین پراگرکسی شے کی فراوانی ہے تو وہ پانی ہے۔ یہ ہر کس و ناکس کی دسترس میں ہے۔ لیکن اللہ تعالیٰ نے ہر شے کے لیے حدود متعین کر دی ہیں۔ اگر وہ اپنی حدود میں رہیں اور کوئی حد ودشکنی نہ کریں تو وہ اللہ تعالیٰ کا ہمارے لیے عطیہ ہیں۔ اسی طرح پانی اگر اپنی حدود میں رہے تو یہ ایک انعام ہے اور اگر یہ حدود سے تجاوز کر لے اور ندی نالوں ، دریاؤں، نہروں اور راجباہوں کے کناروں سے باہر نکل آئے تو طوفان بن جاتا ہے۔ کبھی کبھی انتہائی نفع بخش چیز بھی نقصان دیتی ہے جیسا کہ پانی بعض دفعہ حلق میں اٹک کر موت کا سبب بن جاتا ہے۔
یہی پانی تھا جو گزشتہ دنوں پاکستانی عوام پر قہر بن کر ٹوٹا، عذاب بن کر نازل ہوا، سیلاب کی صورت اختیار کرتا ہوا کئی نوجوانوں کی جوانی لے گیا۔ کئی عورتوں کو بیوہ کر گیا۔ کئی بچوں کو یتیم کر گیا۔ کئی نئی نویلی دلہنیں شب عروسی سے پہلے اپنے سہاگ لٹا بیٹھیں۔ قمقموں سے روشن گھر قبرستان بن گئے۔ کھیت کھلیان صف ہستی سے مٹ گئے۔ گلستان و نخلستان کا وجودختم ہو گیا ،قصر رفیع کھنڈرات کا نمونہ پیش کرنے لگے۔ کسی نے سر پر سہرا سجانا تھا ،کسی نے ہاتھوں پرمہندی لگانی تھی ، اس ناگہانی آفت نے ہر ایک کے ارمانوں پر پانی پھیر دیا۔بقول تائبؔ نظامی:
مفلس یہ خبر سن کے ہی بس ڈوب گیا ہے
سیلاب ابھی اس کے مکاں تک نہیں پہنچا
سیلاب کی تباہی نے پاکستان کو کئی سال پیچھے...

میاں بیوی میں سے ایک کا قبول اسلام

In the early days of Islam, either of the married couple entering into Islam does not affect their marriage contract and it continued to be valid even after the Emigration of the Holy Prophet (peace and mercy be upon him) to Madina. In fact, it has been observed until Hudhabiya Truce was signed. It was also included the terms if someone from Quraish without accompanying the wali approaches the Holy Prophet (Peaceand Mercy be upon him), he/she will be returned to Makkah. After this agreement, many women came to Madina and embraced Islam. But their spouses and relatives followed them their way to Madina. They claimed them back to Makkah. In this respect, Allah almighty revealed a verse of Surah Mumtahina, which is an express evidence that such believing women must not be returned to their former infidel husbands. They were commanded so to marry believing husbands after their separation from their disbelieving spouses. Through this verse, Muslim husbands were forbidden to stay and have conjugal relations with their nonbelieving wives, too. Similarly,  every believing wife was forbidden to reside with her disbelieving husband. The companions abided by the ruling in its entirety and separated from their non- believing spouses. Jurists have derived many instructions from the verse 10 of Surah Mumtahina, which are discussed in this paper.

Nonlinear Electrostatic and Electromagnetic Wave Structures in Pair-Ion, Multi-Ion and Dusty Plasmas

The nonlinear electrostatic and electromagnetic wave structures in pair-ion, multi-ion and dusty plasmas are studied. The reductive perturbation method (RPM) is employed with appropriate boundary conditions to derive the nonlinear partial differential equations to study the dynamics of nonlinear wave structures. The electrostatic nonlinear periodic (cnoidal) waves, solitons and shock wave structures are investigated in unmagnetized pair-ion (fullerene) plasma. The evolution equations for the first and second order nonlinear potentials are derived and steady state cnoidal wave solutions in terms of Jacobian elliptic functions and soliton solution of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation are presented. The nonlinear pair-ion flux associated with cnoidal waves is also derived. It is found that the small temperature difference between pair-ions appropriates the dispersion property of acoustic waves. Both compressive (hump) and rarefactive (dip) acoustic wave structures are obtained in pair-ion plasma. The conditions for monotonic shock structures for acoustic waves and shock with oscillatory trails at its wave front are also investigated. The dust-ion acoustic (DIA) cnoidal waves and associated nonlinear ion flux in the presence of negatively and positively charged dust particles are also studied. It is found that both compressive and rarefactive nonlinear structures exist when dust particles are negatively charged whereas only compressive structures are obtained for positively charged dust particles. It is also found that nonlinear ion flux is positive for compressive DIA cnoidal waves‟ case and is negative for rarefactive case. The two dimensional propagation of electrostatic ion-acoustic solitons for unmagnetized and magnetized multi-ion plasmas are studied. It is found that both fast and slow ion-acoustic waves can propagate in such a multi-ion plasma provided both ions are considered to be inertial and one of the ions component (light ions) is taken to be warm. The variations in the amplitude and width of the nonlinear slow and fast ion acoustic wave structures with density, temperature and magnetic field are investigated. Furthermore, magnetoacoustic cnoidal waves and solitons in magnetized plasma are also examined and plasma beta effects on nonlinear structures are discussed.