بدائع التفاسیرکی روشنی میں سماجی حسد سے بچنے کے تدابیر کا تحقیقی مطالعہ

Like all the physical diseases, which are fatal for a body, all the ethical weaknesses, like avarice, rampage, and malignity are also most harmful for a man. But, amidst these, envy is the malady which, apart from personally, also affects badly the whole society. Individually, the victim of envy suffers from a high psychological troubles and inner becomes subjected to many diseases. The reaction of envy firstly attacks the envier, rather than the envied person. There can never come affection or consolidation in the society which contains this moral disease: envy. That is why, the Holy Qur┐’n directs us to seek refuge from the envy of an envier. The Holy Qur┐’n says : ( Say, I seek refuge) from the evil of an envier when he envies. The Holy Prophet said: Avoid yourselves from envy, it eats one’s good deeds such as a fire eats the wood.

Bayesian Approach to the Mixture Models

This thesis deals with Bayesian inference of mixture densities using censored data. Type-I and type-II mixtures are considered that belong to two or one parameter exponential family. Selection of distribution is made keeping in view the novelty and applicability. These include Inverse Weibull, Pareto type-II, shifted exponential distribution and lastly mixture of Burr type XII and Rayleigh distributions that belong to type-II mixture model. These mixture distributions have not been explored so far in Bayesian setup. Bayes estimators for the parameters of the mixture models are derived in closed forms using type-I right censoring. To conduct Bayesian analysis, Informative (Gamma and Squared Raylegh) priors and non-informative (Uniform and Jeffreys) priors are considered while three loss functions, Squared Error Loss Function, Weighted loss function and Quadratic loss function are employed. A wide simulation study is made to scrutinize the properties of proposed Bayes estimators. Parameters of the mixture model are also tested through hypothesis testing procedure for inverse Weibull and Pareto type- II models. For the inverse Weibull mixture model when all parameters are unknown Bayes estimators can not be obtained in closed forms thus Gibbs sampling and Importance sampling techniques are used to obtain Bayes estimates in this case. Bayesian predictive density is used to obtain Bayes predictive intervals and reliability estimator. Predictive intervals for one and two sample prediction are also obtained that help to predict failure times of future observations. Bayes estimators using limiting form are also derived. Though type-I right censoring is considered throughout the dissertation, however, shifted exponential distribution is also explored through progressive censoring scheme. For the said case, Bayes estimators, credible intervals, Expected test termination time which is considered very useful for life testing experiments, are derived and evaluated. Applications of these mixtures are also presented by applying a real data set in each case.