ولیم میکڈوگل
گذشتہ نومبر میں انگلستان کے مشہور ماہر نفسیات ولیم میکڈوگل کا انتقال ہوگیا، وہ ۱۸۷۱ء میں لنکاشائر میں پیدا ہوا،مانچسٹر میں تعلیم پاکر کیمبرج یونیورسٹی میں داخل ہوا، اور آخر میں لندن یونیورسٹی سے طب کی ڈگری حاصل کی، لیکن نفسیات میں اس کا مطالعہ اتنا گہرا تھا کہ وہ لندن یونیورسٹی میں اس کا لکچرار مقرر ہوا، اور پھر ذہنی فلسفہ کا پروفیسر ہوکر آکسفورڈ چلاگیا، ۱۹۲۰ء میں وہ ممالک متحدہ بلالیا گیا، جہاں وہ ہارورڈ اور ڈیوک یونیورسٹی میں معلمی کے فرائض انجام دیتا رہا۔
اس نے مندرجہ ذیل کتابیں لکھی ہیں، جن میں سے ہر ایک کے بہت سے اڈیشن شائع ہوچکے ہیں، (۱)خلاف معمول نفسیات کا ایک خاکہ، (۲)ذہین اجتماع، (۳)نفسیات کردار کا مطالعہ، (۴)مردوں کی قوتیں، (۵)زندگی کا مذہب اور سائنس، (۶)بورنیو کے غیر شائستہ قبائل، (۷)معاشرتی نفسیات کا مقدمہ، (۸)نفسیات کا ایک خاکہ، (۹)’’زندگی کی سیرت اور طور طریقے، ان میں ’’معاشرتی نفسیات کا مقدمہ‘‘ زیادہ مقبول ہے، نفسیات سے دلچسپی رکھنے والے طلبہ کے لئے ’’نفسیات کا ایک خاکہ‘‘ بھی مفید اور ضروری کتاب ہے، زندگی کی سیرت اور طور طریقے‘‘ آسان اور عام پسند ہے۔
ولیم میکڈوگل نے نفسیات کے اتنے مختلف نظریئے قائم کئے ہیں، کہ ان پر آئندہ بہت سی کتابیں اور شرحیں لکھی جائیں گی، لیکن اس نے سب سے زیادہ ’’جبلت‘‘ پر لکھا ہے، جبلت کی تعریف اس نے یہ کی ہے کہ یہ حسب منشا کام کرنے کی ایک فطری اور پیدائشی صلاحیت کا نام ہے، جو انسان کے علاوہ جانوروں، پرندوں اور کیڑوں پر بھی پائی جاتی ہے، ولیم میکڈوگل کے خیال کے مطابق چودہ جبلتیں ہوتی ہیں، مثلاً نقل، کھیل، خوشی، محبت، نفرت، غصہ، رنج، لڑائی، فرار، بے چینی، غول بندی، جنسی خواہش وغیرہ، بعض ماہرین نفسیات کا خیال ہے کہ جبلتیں صرف تین ہی ہوتی ہیں، خود غرضانہ، معاشرتی...
Foreign direct investment plays a key role in economic development of all countries. Because of its enormous importance, a large number of empirical studies has focused on finding out the factors determining foreign direct investment. Level of human capital development is one of the major factors influencing foreign inflows. However, earlier studies examining impact of human capital on foreign investment inflows has majorly used literacy rate, school enrolment and government spending on education as its proxies. This paper also examines the impact of human capital as determinant of foreign direct investment. Contrary to earlier empirical studies, it uses cognitive skills as proxy for human capital. Cognitive skills measure the quality of education instead of literacy rate or government spending on education as proxy for human capital. Results indicate that human capital has significant positive effect on foreign direct investment for sample countries. This result is robust to disaggregated data for developed and developing countries. Other factors that determine foreign direct investment inflows are inflation, capital account openness, trade account openness and real income. Based on empirical results, it is recommended that the relevant authorities must make human capital as part and parcel of strategies aimed at augmenting economic growth in the country. There is also a lesson for a developing country like Pakistan to focus more on quality of education instead of school enrolment or education spending for attracting foreign direct investment to boost economic activity (J.E.L Classification Codes: O4, O15, P22).
This study was undertaken to develop the novel radiopharmaceuticals for cancer diagnosis, sentinel lymph node detection (SLND), and brain imaging. Biomolecules have great importance in living systems. Significantly, developed pathway is available for transport and utilization of biomolecules and by taking the advantages of these naturally developed pathways. In this study, the biomolecules like triglycine, 1-azido-1-deoxy-β-D glucopyranoside and folate azide were utilized for various medicinal applications. Biomolecule conjugates were developed by using click chemistryand cyclopentadienyl chemistry (Cp) approach. The spectrophotometric biomolecule complexes techniques. conjugates were were By characterized using radiolabeled the and by using various [ 99m Tc(H 2 O) 3 (CO) 3 ] + evaluated as core, potential radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic study. The biodistribution of [ 99m Tc(CO) 3 - click-1-azido-1-deoxy-β-D glucopyranoside] and [ 99m Tc(CO) 3 -folate azide] complexes present them as potential tumor scintigraphic agents. Second approach for cancer diagnosis was to radiolabel the anticancer drugs, e.g., 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate with technetium-99m ( 99m Tc) and evaluate them as potential tumor diagnostic agents. Normal biodistribution and tumoral uptake was studied in Swiss webster mice. The results suggest that they might be sucessful tumor diagnostic agents for future use. 99m Tc-5-flurouracil was also applied to the breast cancer patients after getting approval from local ethical committee of INMOL. The sucessful uptake of the drug in tumor tissues with low background ratio presents this drug as a sucessful cancer diagnostic agent. Sentinel Lymph Node Detection (SLND) is of great importance for early stage diagnosis of cancer. All sentinel lymph node imaging agents were studied for their uptake in various body organs, popliteal node, iliac node and popliteal extraction.In this study, we developed rhenium sulfide collidal nanoparticles and xviiiAbstract radiolabeled them with 99m Tc. The sucessful uptake of the drug in sentinel node within 15 min of post injection, presents it as a sucessful candidate for sentinel lymp node detection. Various dextran derivatives were radiolabeled with 99m Tc(CO) 3 and studied for sentinel lymph node detection. The drugs reached the first node within 10 min of post injection. DPZM-8 was the most successful candidate for sentinel lymph node detection among all dextran derivatives studied, so far. 99m Tc-labeled amine thiophene and 99m Tc(CO) 3 -Cp-triglyicne were evaluated as potential brain imaging agents. Amine thiophene is a schiff base which was directly labeled with 99m was radiolabeled with Tc while Cp-triglycine is a biomolecule conjugate which 99m Tc via isolink kit. Normal distribution study in rabbits suggests them as successful candidates for brain scintigraphy.