ڈاکٹر عطا کریم برق
ڈاکٹر عطا کریم برق ۴؍ اکتوبر کو وفات پاگئے تھے، لیکن ان پر گنجایش نہ نکلنے کی وجہ سے کچھ لکھا نہیں جاسکا تھا، وہ نہ صرف کلکتہ بلکہ ہندوستان میں فارسی زبان و ادب کے ممتاز عالم و محقق اور کامیاب استاذ تھے، ان کا شمار ملک کے ان دانشوروں میں ہوتا ہے جو اپنی فارسی دانی کے لیے ہندوستان ہی نہیں ایران میں بھی مقبول تھے۔
ڈاکٹر عطا کریم مونگیر (بہار) کے ایک معزز اور تعلیم یافتہ گھرانے کے فرد تھے، ان کی ولادت ۱۹۱۸ء میں ہوئی، اردو فارسی اور دینیات کی ابتدائی تعلیم گاؤں میں ہوئی۔ اعلا تعلیم کے لیے کلکتہ آئے اور ۱۹۴۶ء میں کلکتہ یونیورسٹی سے فارسی میں ایم،اے کیا، اپنے استاذ و مربی ڈاکٹر محمد اسحاق کی کوشش سے ۱۹۴۹ء میں اسکالرشپ پر ایران تشریف لے گئے جہاں سے ایم۔لٹ کی ڈگری لے کر ۱۹۵۳ء میں ہندوستان واپس آئے اور جنوری ۱۹۵۴ء میں کلکتہ یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ عربی و فارسی سے وابستہ ہوئے اور ترقی کے مراحل طے کرتے ہوئے آسوتوش پروفیسر آف اسلامی کلچر کے عہدے تک پہنچے۔
ڈاکٹر برق نے فارسی ادبیات کی تحقیق کو اپنا موضوع بنایا اور اپنے علمی، ادبی اور تحقیقی کاموں میں ڈاکٹر محمد اسحاق کے علاوہ ڈاکٹر زبیر صدیقی جیسے فاضل سے بھی رہنمائی حاصل کی، ۱۹۶۷ء میں انہوں نے ’’نفوذ و آثارِ فارسی درزبان و ادبیات بنگالی‘‘ کے عنوان سے اپنا تحقیقی مقالہ دو جلدوں میں مکمل کیا، جس پر تہران یونیورسٹی نے ان کو ڈی لٹ کی ڈگری تفویض کی۔ ان کی دوسری کتاب ’’درجستجوئے احوال و آثار صفی علی شاہ‘‘ ایران سے ۱۹۷۱ء میں شایع ہوئی، اس میں صفی کے حالات اور کارناموں پر سیر حاصل بحث کی ہے، مشہور ایرانی فاضل سعید نفیسی نے اس پر عالمانہ مقدمہ تحریر کیا تھا۔ انہوں نے بہار کے...
This research presents an overview of the principle of accountability of the executive in an Islamic state. The existence and survival of any state is not sustainable without process of accountability as per the law of the land and the provision of the constitution. The elite class was exempted from any sort of accountability and treated above the law in pre-Islamic period whereas man in the street was dealt with strict compliance of rules and regulations. This paper has provided strong evidence from the perspective of historical research that the executive in the Islamic state has not been exempted from the process of transparent of accountability. Moreover, this article also builds up strong argument in light of Quran and Sunnah as well as line of action adopted by orthodox caliphs. It also highlights various incidents of accountability and legal precedence that occurred during Khilafat e Rashda and post era as well.
Introduction Marbofloxacin is a broad spectrum antibacterial agent which is very effective against a broad range of bacterial pathogens. The pharmacokinetic study of marbofloxacin is not conducted up till now in domestic ruminant species. So, there is a need to conduct pharmacokinetic study of marbofloxacin in order to select optimal dosage regimen in indigenous species. Objectives The study was conducted to compare inter and intra species variations of pharmacokinetic parameters and to select the dosage regimen of marbofloxacin in domestic ruminant species. Study Design Experimental study Setting Department of Pharmacology, Al-Nafees Medical College/Isra University, Islamabad Campus, Islamabad and Livestock Experimental Farm, Institute of Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Duration July 2012 to December 2015. vii Material & Methods Thirty two adult, healthy, non-lactating females, animals were selected. 8 from each species of buffaloes, cows, sheep and goats of local breed. Marbofloxacin was injected as a single intravenous injection at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight to each animal. Blood and urine samples were collected at specific time intervals. The concentration of marbofloxacin in blood and urine were determined by HPLC method. Data were subjected to computer software WinNonlin® to obtain pharmacokinetic parameters. Inter and intra species differences were observed by ANOVA followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. . Results The low values of t1/2a suggested the rapid distribution of marbofloxacin in all four species. The values for the elimination half life (t1/2b) were insignificant to each other in all tested species. The volume of distribution at terminal phase (Vdarea) and at steady state (Vss) was comparable (p>0.05) and higher (p<0.05) in sheep and goats followed in descending order in cows and buffaloes indicating the well distribution and deep tissue penetration of drug. However, the mean values for Vc were remarkably higher in sheep (2.5±0.14 L/kg) followed by goats (2.21±0.11 L/kg) and parallel values in buffaloes (0.76±0.013 L/kg) and cows (0.88±0.02 L/kg). Total body clearance (ClB) was expressed as L/h/kg, and it showed the similar pattern to Vdarea and Vss in local ruminants. The value of AUC was viii significantly (p<0.05) higher in buffaloes (8.37±0.50 μg.h/mL) followed by cows (4.46±0.30 μg.h/mL), and parallel (p>0.05) values in sheep (2.08±0.05 μg.h/mL) and goats (2.16±0.04 μg.h/mL). In vitro the values of plasma protein binding of marbofloxacin were 32.2%, 27.01%, 20.15% and 21.17% in buffaloes, cows, sheep and goats respectively. The MIC50 and MIC90 values for marbofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus species were observed to be 0.5 and 1.0μg/ml respectively with MIC range of 0.125-2.0 μg/mL. Endogenous creatinine was used as an index of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and recorded to be 0.87 ± 0.06 mL/min/kg in buffaloes, 0.98 ± 0.05 mL/min/kg in cows, 1.29 ± 0.079 mL/min/kg in sheep and 1.49 ± 0.103 mL/min/kg in goats. The renal clearance of marbofloxacin was measured as 1.96 ± 0.51 mL/min/kg in buffaloes, 2.08 ± 0.46 mL/min/kg in cows, 1.83 ± 0.54 mL/min/kg in sheep, 2.15 ± 0.53 mL/min/kg in goats. In the renal handling of marbofloxacin, glomerular filtration and tubular secretion were involved in all ruminant species. Conclusion The dosage regimen of marbofloxacin was higher in domestic ruminants as compared to its foreign counterparts. Keywords Marbofloxacin, Domestic Animals, Pharmacokinetics, Renal Clearanc, HPLC.