منهجية الاشتقاق في اللغة العربية

Language is the identity of a nation, a region and a territory, which serves as a link between the people of that nation and territory. On the other hand, it causes unity, uniformity, brotherhood and love. That’s why study of language has been the subject of conversation of scholars and researchers from the very first day. Wherever human beings exist on this earth planet, there are languages with their noun, verb, preposition and its sub kinds i. E. Present, past and future tense, subject, Object and pronoun. A complete structure of language is founded upon which the learned men have made valuable contribution in various decades. Survival and development of these languages owe to the efforts of these learned people. The current research study is also an effort in which discussion has been made with reference to Arabic language. Arabic is the fourth largest language of the world. It is spoken and understood in Saudi Arabia, U. A. E, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Jordon and Morocco. 3 The Universities all over the world, particularly those Universities which have leading role in the present time, not only adopt Arabic Language as medium of instruction but are not second to the Arabs in respect of Arabic Language. The present article discusses the one aspect of this historical grand language namely “derivation”. What is the source of derivation in the Arabic Language? How words are formed and how they are refined. What are different theories regarding derivation. This article is an effort to explain all these aspects

Floral Diversity, Ethnobotanical and Cultural Significance of Medicinally Important Wild Edible Fruits in Northern Pakistan

The current exploration provides an important ethnobotanical data about the usage of Wild Edible Fruit species from Northern Pakistan. It is the first study on the ethnobotanical uses of WEFs, quantitatively assessed using several indices. A novelty of use reports, part use and mode of utilization is derived from comparison with previous published research works. The major focus of this investigation is to document the traditional information, usage and to assess conservation status of WEFs. Ethnobotanical information is recorded through semi-structured and open-ended interviews using questionnaire and group discussions from 538 local informers of varied ages, gender, education levels, and experience. The ethnobotanical information was quantitatively analyzed using indices like FIV, RFC, FIC, RI, UV, JI, FI, CI and PR. The study reported 95 WEF species and their traditional uses, belonging to 38 families, 58 genera with 47.4 % trees, 36.8 % shrubs and 15.8 % herbs. Family Rosaceae dominate the list of families by 23 species, followed by Rhamnaceae 9 species and Moraceae 7 species. Family Berberidaceae represents highest values for FIV (47.7 %). The maximum utilized plant part(s) is fruit used in raw form (47 %), 53 species are categorized for food and medicinal purpose, 33 species for Join/Body aches, 53 species for digestive disorders and 39 species of WEFs are specifically used in respiratory complaints. Mean FIC was (0.25) indicates low agreement of respondents for disease categories, FIC for Joint/body aches was highest (0.72), digestive disorders (0.5) and Respiratory complaints (0.4). Use value suggests high relative importance for Punica granatum (0.6), followed by Juglans regia (0.05). The average mean percentages on use reports was (18 %) for each species. Traditional knowledge is prevailing in the region, found more in people of old ages as compared to young ones. Many of the WEFs documented have multiple uses, and a single fruit species for many tenacities. The study encompasses the need to conserve the traditional knowledge and carry out future phytochemical investigations to appraise important minerals, nutrients, antioxidant potential and toxic effects of WEFs. The study will serve as a reference data for nutritionists, particularly in food chemistry, health and industry. In addition, ways and means are needed to preserve and use natural reserve in a maintainable way.