جج پر ضمان: فقہی قواعد اور پاکستانی قانون میں تطبیق

A judge should be honest,  transparent, free and fair. He should always respect law. The question arises that if a judge who disrespects law and makes unbalanced decisions: as a result of which people get affected then will he or she be penalized? The Ḥanafi Scholars opine that if a judge passes a wrong decision intentionally, he should be penalized from his own property. Because in Islamic jurisprudence, judiciary owns a supremacy over the masses and everyone irrespective of the position is equal and has to obey law. Whether he is a judge or a commoner, he has to follow the rules and regulations as prescribed by law. In practice, Pakistani judges are not held responsible for making a wrong verdict. Our judges make judgments on the basis of already manipulated evidence. A judge bars himself from the responsibility of collecting evidence. Similarly, if a judge has developed personal grudges with the criminal then the criminal reserves right of appealing the higher court where the decision is reviewed and rectified. In such situation, there is a compulsion between the legal maxim "وَالْأَصْلُ عَدَمُ الضَّمَان" and the Pakistani laws. However, Ḥanafi jurisprudence and Pakistani Laws are not in accordance with each other. This study concentrates upon the nature of punishment and tort to be applied on judges in case of making a decision based on falsehood. It is suggested that Pakistan’s Judiciary should be reread as that the already in-practice system does not comply with the standards of Islamic teachings.

Studies on Systemic Acquired Resistance in Tomato Against Alternaria Solani

Alternaria solani is a destructive pathogen to the tomato crop causing heavy losses. The present work was designed during 2015-16 to evaluate the efficacy of Bion and salicylic acid as early blight disease suppressors as well as their use as plant activators under greenhouse conditions. The current study was carried out at field area of Plant Pathology University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Foliar and seedling root dipping application of Bion and salicylic acid (125 ppm and 2 mM) not only reduced the disease severity but also enhanced the plant growth. Maximum disease severity was observed in infected control while minimum disease severity was observed in case of Bion with foliar application in both years. A remarkable increase was observed in Chlorophyll a, b, root fresh/dry weight, photosynthetic rate, shoot fresh/dry weight and growth attributes when A. solani inoculated tomato plants were treated with foliar sprays of Bion. A significant healing to cell membrane was observed to reduce the electrolyte leakage in case of Bion and SA application through foliar spray in inoculated plants. Total soluble carbohydrates and total soluble protein contents are increased when Bion was applied through foliar application as compared to seedling root dipping. Increasing trend was observed in 2nd year of study. It is concluded that foliar application of Bion could be more effective in managing the Alternaria solani as well as in enhancing the growth and yield of tomato.