قواعد الترجيح المتعلقة بالنص القرآني: دراسة وصفية تطبيقية

After reading the whole books and find out the interpretation, there were various sayings, the meanings and interpretations of the verses of Quran. The reader does not have the capability to select correct and incorrect. He does not know what to do about the various interpretations. At first the people of Mecca knew the status of Revelation; they do not need to explain that revelation, because it was their native language while the Prophet (S.A.W) explains it in detail. After the earlier periods, it was necessary to adapt some rules to know the correct sayings, that rules were already include the Quran itself, in the Sunnah, in the Quranic Sciences, in the books of fundamentals of Jurisprudence, and in the books of Quranic  Sciences. Later on, however, wrote the books as contemporary independent science as such as book of Husain Al Ḥarbī  named (قواعد الترجيح عند المفسرين) and book written by Khalid Al Sabbath named (قواعد التفسير جمعاً ودراسةً). These rules of preference are most important as with the help of these rules, the books of interpretation can be clarified from incorrect sayings. These rules are various, including, related to Quranic text, Sunnah, the views of Companions, the evidence, or related to the linguistics of Arabs. The preference proves the strength of a saying or strengthens an aspect than others through rules of preference. One of the objectives of this research is that the rules of preference can distinguish between correct and incorrect interpretation. The researcher recommended attention to these rules of preference and to study it as a separate subject to get full benefit from the books of interpretation.

Plant Bacteria Synergistic Strategy for Remediation of Contaminated River Water Through Floating Treatment Wetland System

Floating treatment wetland (FTW), an innovative approach, offers a practical solution for treatment of polluted river water. Floating wetlands perform as a hydroponic system composed of growing medium for emergent vegetation and their associated microbes which remove nutrients and pollutants from the polluted water. The core objective of this study was to explore the potential of floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) augmented with pollutant degrading bacteria for remediation of heavy contaminated river’s water at microcosm scale. The analysis of water samples collected from River Ravi, Lahore, Pakistan revealed that the river is polluted with organic and inorganic pollutants. Four macrophytes; Brachia mutica, Typha domingensis, Phragmites australis and Leptochola fusca were selected to develop FTWs and were inoculated with the bacteria having pollutants degrading and plant growth-promoting activities. The developed FTWs system efficiently removed both organic and inorganic pollutants from the water and bacterial inoculation further improved the efficacy of the developed system. Between Typha domingensis and Leptochola fusca, inoculated with three different rhizospheric and endophytic bacterial strains, the performance of T. domingensis was significantly better than L. fusca. Between Phragmites australis and Brachia mutica, inoculated with consortium of five rhizospheric and endophytic bacterial strains,the performance of P. australis was better than B. mutica with and without bacteria. The FTWs system also showed potential to remove potentially toxic metals, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Cr, from the water and their metals removal efficacy was increased by the addition of microbes. The bacterial augmented treatments showed high biomass production than non-bacterial augmented treatments. Inoculated bacterial strains were found increasing in root and shoot of inoculated macrophytes.